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Appendix:Gothic pronunciation

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents the reconstruction of Gothic pronunciations in Wiktionary entries.

See Gothic language § Phonology at Wikipedia for a more thorough look at the sounds of Gothic.

Consonants
IPA Examples Approximation in Eng-
lish or another modern
European language
/b/ 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms) ball
[β][1] 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban) Spanish haber
/d/ 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags) done
[ð][2] 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda) this
/f/[3] 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar) fuss
/ɡ/ 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (gairda) guest
/ɡ(ɡ)ʷ/ 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (saggws),
𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (triggws)
guano
[ɣ][4] 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō) Dutch dagen
/h/ 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban) hut
/j/ 𐌾𐌰 (ja) yard
/ɟɟ/ 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja) duty (RP)[5]
/k/ 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (kalbō) cold
/kʷ/ 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (qainōn) quake
/l/ 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌹 (laggei) lamp
/m/ 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (magan) must
/n/ 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs) not
[ŋ][6] 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan),
𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (saggws)
long
/p/ 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida) puck
/r/ 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 (ragin) Italian regno
/s/ 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (saggws) soon
/t/ 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) tall
/θ/ 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan) think
/w/ 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (waggs) window
/ʍ/ 𐍈𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌴 (ƕadrē) white (Scottish)
/x/[7] 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (xristus),
𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags)
loch (Scottish)
/z/ 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰 (maiza) zoo
Stress
/ˈ/ 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō) (/ˈnamoː/) as in number /ˈnʌmbɚ/
Vowels
IPA Examples Approximation in Eng-
lish or another modern
European language
Short
/a/ 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) bra (but shorter);
pot (American)
/ɛ/ 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (taihun)[8] bet
/i/ 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌿𐍃 (tigus) beet (but shorter)
/ɔ/ 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 (dauhtar)[9] boss
/u/ 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō) boot (but shorter)
/y/[10] 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌴 (swnagōgē) French Luc
Long
/aː/ 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 (brāhta) bra
/eː/ 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan) day (but monophthongal)
/ɛː/ 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (tains)[11] bed (but longer)
/iː/ 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (beidan) bee
/oː/ 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka) toe (but monophthongal)
/ɔː/ 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan)[12] paw
/uː/ 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐍃 (brūks) food
Diphthong
/iu̯/ 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌹 (þiubi) be with
Notes
  1. ^ An allophone of /b/ after a vowel; devoiced to /f/ before a voiceless consonant or at the end of a word
  2. ^ An allophone of /d/ after a vowel; devoiced to /θ/ before a voiceless consonant or at the end of a word
  3. ^ Possibly actually bilabial /ɸ/
  4. ^ An allophone of /ɡ/ after a vowel; devoiced to /x/ before a voiceless consonant or at the end of a word
  5. ^ But articulated further back on the hard palate, and long
  6. ^ An allophone of /n/ before /k(ʷ)/ or /ɡ(ʷ)/
  7. ^ Phonemic only in Greek loanwords; usually allophone of /ɡ/ after vowels and before a voiceless consonant or at the end of a word
  8. ^ Also transliterated
  9. ^ Also transliterated
  10. ^ Only in Greek loanwords
  11. ^ Also transliterated ái
  12. ^ Also transliterated áu