混

See also: 渇

混 U+6DF7, 混 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DF7 ← 淶 [U+6DF6] CJK Unified Ideographs 淸 → [U+6DF8]

Translingual

Han character

混 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水日心心 (EAPP), four-corner 3611₁, composition ⿰氵昆)

Derived characters

• 𠽞, 𮭓, 𦹲

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 632, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17694
• Dae Jaweon: page 1036, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1648, character 9
• Unihan data for U+6DF7

Chinese

trad.		混
simp. #		混

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 混
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (昆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
昆	*kuːn
琨	*kuːn
鯤	*kuːn
菎	*kuːn
崐	*kuːn
蜫	*kuːn
惃	*kuːn, *kuːnʔ
錕	*kuːn, *kuːnʔ
猑	*kuːn
騉	*kuːn
緄	*kuːnʔ
輥	*kuːnʔ
棍	*kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
餛	*ɡuːn
混	*ɡuːnʔ
焜	*ɡuːnʔ
倱	*ɡuːnʔ
掍	*ɡuːnʔ
箟	*kʰrun

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hùn, hún, hǔn (hun⁴, hun², hun³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ, ㄏㄨㄣˊ, ㄏㄨㄣˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хун (hun, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): vun⁵

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fun
• Eastern Min (BUC): hông
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hūn / hùn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hung⁶

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶wen / ⁶wen; ⁵huen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese; Beijing dialect)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hùn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hùn
    • Wade–Giles: hun⁴
    • Yale: hwùn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huenn
    • Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant; Beijing dialect)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hún
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hún
    • Wade–Giles: hun²
    • Yale: hwún
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
    • Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hǔn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hǔn
    • Wade–Giles: hun³
    • Yale: hwǔn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoen
    • Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən²¹⁴/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хун (hun, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuŋ⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: wan⁶
    • Yale: wahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: vun⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vun³²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fun
    • Hakka Romanization System: fun
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fun⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fun⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /houŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn
    • Tâi-lô: hūn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hun
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hun²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn
    • Tâi-lô: hùn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: huxn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hung⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶wen
    • MiniDict: wen^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhun
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦuən²³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁶wen; ⁵huen
    • MiniDict: wen^去; huen^去
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦuən²³¹/, /huən⁵²³/

Note: ⁵huen (Suzhounese) - to waste (eg. 混日腳／混日脚 (⁵huen ⁸gniq ciaq₇)).

---

• Middle Chinese: hwonX

Rime
Character	混
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡本切
Baxter	hwonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuənX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuonX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuənX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwənX/
Li Rong	/ɣuənX/
Wang Li	/ɣuənX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣuənX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hùn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wan6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	混
Reading #	1/1
No.	7536
Phonetic component	昆
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	混
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːnʔ/

Definitions

混

1. (literary, obsolete) torrential
2. (literary or dialectal) turbid
3. to mix; to blend

   搞混  ―  gǎohùn  ―  to confuse (two things); to mix up

   混為一談／混为一谈  ―  hùnwéiyītán  ―  to equate; to muddle

   把紅豆和綠豆混在一起 [MSC, trad.]
   把红豆和绿豆混在一起 [MSC, simp.]

   bǎ hóngdòu hé lǜdòu hùn zài yīqǐ [Pinyin]

   to mix red beans and green beans

4. to pass off as

   魚目混珠／鱼目混珠  ―  yúmùhùnzhū  ―  to pass off fake products as genuine (literally, “to pass off fish eyes as pearls”)

   這人是怎麼混進來的？ [MSC, trad.]
   这人是怎么混进来的？ [MSC, simp.]

   Zhè rén shì zěnme hùn jìn lái de? [Pinyin]

   How did that person sneak in?

5. to muddle along

   混日子  ―  hùnrìzi  ―  to muck around; to drift through the days

6. to get along with somebody

   我很快就跟他們混熟了。 [MSC, trad.]
   我很快就跟他们混熟了。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ hěn kuài jiù gēn tāmen hùn shú le. [Pinyin]

   I quickly became familiar with them.

   別跟流氓混在一起。 [MSC, trad.]
   别跟流氓混在一起。 [MSC, simp.]

   Bié gēn liúmáng hùn zài yīqǐ. [Pinyin]

   Stop hanging out with hooligans.

7. thoughtlessly; casually
8. (literary) to unite; to combine
9. (literary) to stir up trouble; to throw into disorder; to disrupt
10. (Teochew) to disturb (someone)
11. (literary) to joke
12. Used in 混沌 (hùndùn).

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 混 (“to mix”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		混
Cantonese	Guangzhou	摳, 撈
	Hong Kong	摳, 撈
	Taishan	摳
Wu	Shanghai	混
	Suzhou	混

Compounds

• 一混湯子 / 一混汤子
• 二混子
• 含混 (hánhùn)
• 廝混 / 厮混 (sīhùn)
• 打混
• 打混葫蘆 / 打混葫芦
• 摑混 / 掴混
• 攪混 / 搅混
• 流言混語 / 流言混语
• 混一 (hùnyī)
• 混一口飯 / 混一口饭
• 混世魔王
• 混亂 / 混乱 (hùnluàn)
• 混事
• 混人
• 混作
• 混俗和光
• 混元
• 混充 (hùnchōng)
• 混入 (hùnrù)
• 混冥
• 混凝
• 混凝劑 / 混凝剂
• 混凝土
• 混合
• 混名
• 混同 (hùntóng)
• 混合使用
• 混合層 / 混合层
• 混合林 (hùnhélín)
• 混合比
• 混同江
• 混吃混玩
• 混合物 (hùnhéwù)
• 混合疫苗
• 混合經濟 / 混合经济 (hùnhé jīngjì)
• 混合裁判
• 混合語 / 混合语
• 混合齒列 / 混合齿列
• 混和 (hùnhé)
• 混唚 / 混吣
• 混嚼舌根
• 混在
• 混堂 (hùntáng)
• 混夷
• 混子 (hùnzi)
• 混家
• 混居 (hùnjū)
• 混帳 / 混帐
• 混帳東西 / 混帐东西
• 混帳話 / 混帐话
• 混成
• 混戰 / 混战 (hùnzhàn)
• 混打
• 混攪 / 混搅
• 混日子 (hùnrìzi)
• 混棍
• 混水
• 混水摸魚 / 混水摸鱼
• 混汞法
• 混沌 (hùndùn)
• 混沌世界
• 混混
• 混淆
• 混淪 / 混沦
• 混淆不清
• 混混兒 / 混混儿
• 混淆是非
• 混混沌沌
• 混淆視聽 / 混淆视听
• 混淆黑白
• 混濁 / 混浊 (hùnzhuó)
• 混為一談 / 混为一谈 (hùnwéiyītán)
• 混然
• 混猜
• 混球 (húnqiú)
• 混球兒 / 混球儿
• 混糖
• 混紡 / 混纺 (hùnfǎng)
• 混纏 / 混缠
• 混芒
• 混茫
• 混號 / 混号
• 混蛋
• 混蟲 / 混虫
• 混血 (hùnxuè)
• 混血兒 / 混血儿 (hùnxuè'ér)
• 混話 / 混话 (hùnhuà)
• 混說 / 混说
• 混賴 / 混赖
• 混跡 / 混迹
• 混踐 / 混践
• 混身
• 混造黑白
• 混錢 / 混钱
• 混雜 / 混杂
• 混音 (hùnyīn)
• 混頭混腦 / 混头混脑
• 混飯吃 / 混饭吃 (hùnfànchī)
• 混鬧 / 混闹
• 營混子 / 营混子
• 玄混
• 玉石混淆
• 白混
• 矇混 / 蒙混 (ménghùn)
• 老混忘
• 胡廝混 / 胡厮混
• 胡拉混扯
• 胡掄混鬧 / 胡抡混闹
• 胡混
• 舉世混濁 / 举世混浊 (jǔshìhǔnzhuó)
• 蒙混 (ménghùn)
• 阿混
• 香水混堂
• 鬼混 (guǐhùn)
• 魚目混珠 / 鱼目混珠 (yúmùhùnzhū)
• 魚龍混雜 / 鱼龙混杂 (yúlónghùnzá)
• 黑白混淆
• 龍蛇混雜 / 龙蛇混杂 (lóngshéhùnzá)

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hún (hun²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hún
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hún
    • Wade–Giles: hun²
    • Yale: hwún
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
    • Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən³⁵/

Definitions

混

1. Used in personal names.
2. Alternative form of 渾 / 浑

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gǔn (gun³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǔn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǔn
    • Wade–Giles: kun³
    • Yale: gwǔn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goen
    • Palladius: гунь (gunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ən²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gwan²
    • Yale: gwán
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwan²
    • Guangdong Romanization: guen²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐn³⁵/

Definitions

混

1. Only used in 混混 (gǔngǔn, “alternative form of 滾滾; rolling along”).

Pronunciation 4

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kūn (kun¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kun
    • Wade–Giles: kʻun¹
    • Yale: kwūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuen
    • Palladius: кунь (kunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

Definitions

混

1. Used in 混夷.
2. Alternative form of 崑 / 昆 (Kūn)

References

• “混”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

混

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. to blend, mix, merge (Can we add an example for this sense?)
2. to confuse

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)、ごん (gon)
• Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
• Kun: まぜる (mazeru, 混ぜる, Jōyō)、まじる (majiru, 混じる, Jōyō)、まざる (mazaru, 混ざる, Jōyō)、こむ (komu, 混む, Jōyō)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 混 (MC hwonX).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅩᆫ〯 (Yale: hhwǒn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 혼〯 (hwǒn) (Yale: hwǒn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɸʷo̞(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [혼(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

混 (eumhun 섞을 혼 (seokkeul hon))
混 (eumhun 흐릴 혼 (heuril hon))

1. hanja form^? of 혼 (“mix; confuse; blend”)
2. hanja form^? of 혼 (“turbid; unclear; confuse”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 혼란 (混亂, hollan, “confusion; disorder; chaos”)
• 혼선 (混線, honseon, “crossed line; confusion”)
• 혼돈 (混沌/渾沌, hondon, “chaos; confusion”)
• 혼탁 (混濁/溷濁/渾濁, hontak, “being turbid”)
• 혼잡 (混雜, honjap, “confusion, traffic congestion”)
• 혼동 (混同, hondong, “confusion, mixing up”)
• 혼용 (混用, honyong, “mixed use”)
• 혼합 (混合, honhap, “mixture”)
• 혼혈 (混血, honhyeol, “mixed race”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 混 (MC kwon).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 곤 (Yale: kwon) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Hanja

混 (eumhun 오랑캐 이름 곤 (orangkae ireum gon))

1. hanja form^? of 곤 (“a barbarian”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 곤이 (混夷, Goni, “tribes west of ancient China”)
• 곤이태의 (混夷駾矣, gonitae'ui)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

混: Hán Nôm readings: hổn, hộn, hỗn, xổn, cổn, hỏn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation