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封

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
封 U+5C01, 封
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C01
← 尀
[U+5C00] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 専 →
[U+5C02]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

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封 (Kangxi radical 41, 寸+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土土木戈 (GGDI), four-corner 44100, composition ⿰圭寸)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 294, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7426
  • Dae Jaweon: page 581, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 504, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+5C01

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 封

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 封
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (封) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幫 *paːŋ
鞤 *paːŋ
封 *poŋ, *poŋs
葑 *poŋ, *poŋs
犎 *poŋ
崶 *poŋ
湗 *poŋs

Ideogrammic (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *poŋ, *poŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 丰 (OC *pʰoŋ, “seedling”) + 土 (“dirt”) + 寸 (“hand”) – mark boundaries by planting trees. Compare 邦.

Originally 丰 (OC *pʰoŋ), depicting a tree seedling. Variants that added any combination of 土 (“dirt”), 又 (“hand”), 田 (“field”), 丮 (“kneeling person with hands stretched out”) appeared from bronze inscriptions onwards.

Etymology

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Area etymon (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Tibetan ཕུང་པོ (phung po, “heap”), Tibetan སྤུང (spung, “heap”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰎᰪᰵ (a-pŭŋ, “a heap; a stock”), Mizo [Term?] (puŋᴴ), [Term?] (punᴸ, “increase; assemble”), Mizo vûng (vuuŋᴴ), vûn (vuunᴸ, “swollen”), Mizo vûng (vuuŋᴿ, “heap; mound”), Chepang भुङ्‌हसा (bhuŋh-, “to be burst or peak of activity (flowering, field work etc.)”). Compare also Khmer ពោង (poong, “protuberances/bumps on an animal's head”), Khmer សំពោង (sɑmpoong, “puffed up; swollen”).

邦 (OC *proːŋ, “country”) may be the same etymon (Wang, 1982, Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: pang - vernacular, hong - literary.
Note:
  • huang1 - vernacular;
  • hong1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 封
Mandarin Beijing /fəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /fəŋ²¹/
Jinan /fəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /fəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /fəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /fəŋ²¹/
Xining /fə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /fə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /fɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /foŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /foŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /foŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /foŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /fən³¹/
Hefei /fəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /fəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /fə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /foŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /foŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /foŋ³³/
Wenzhou /hoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /fʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /fan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ɸən³³/
Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /fuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /fuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /foŋ⁵³/
Nanning /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoŋ³³/
/huaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /foŋ²³/
/ʔbaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 封 封
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 府容切 方用切
Baxter pjowng pjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pɨoŋ/ /pɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pioŋ/ /pioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/pioŋ/ /pioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puawŋ/ /puawŋH/
Li
Rong 		/pioŋ/ /pioŋH/
Wang
Li 		/pĭwoŋ/ /pĭwoŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pi̯woŋ/ /pi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fēng fèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fung1 fung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 封
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjowng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*p(r)oŋ/
English raise a mound; enfeoff

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 封 封
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 3253 3259
Phonetic
component 		封 封
Rime
group 		東 東
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		封 葑
Old
Chinese 		/*poŋ/ /*poŋs/
Notes 甲文同豐金文加又或寸轉註，
表封土植木爲封疆

Definitions

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

封

  1. (literary) border; boundary
  2. (literary) to raise a mound
  3. to close; to seal; to bind
    封閉／封闭  ―  fēngbì  ―  to close'; to seal off
    冰封  ―  bīngfēng  ―  to be frozen
    把罐子封上  ―  bǎ guànzi fēng shàng  ―  to seal the jar
  4. to block (a website, a person on the Internet, etc.); to censor
  5. envelope; wrapper
    信封  ―  xìnfēng  ―  envelope; letter
    利市封 [Cantonese]  ―  lai6 si6 fung1 [Jyutping]  ―  envelope of a red packet
  6. cover of a book
    封面  ―  fēngmiàn  ―  cover of a book
  7. Classifier for envelopes, letters and mail. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    一封信函  ―  yī fēng xìnhán  ―  an envelope
  8. to confer (a title) upon; to enfeoff
  9. (literary, of emperors) to build an altar to worship heaven
    封禪／封禅  ―  fēngshàn  ―  to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth
  10. Short for 封建主義／封建主义 (fēngjiàn zhǔyì, “feudalism”).
  11. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 封 (“(classifier for letters)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 封
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 封
Taiwan 封
Chengde 封
Chifeng 封
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 封
Heihe 封
Qiqihar 封
Harbin 封
Jiamusi 封
Baicheng 封
Changchun 封
Tonghua 封
Shenyang 封
Jinzhou 封
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 封
Tangshan 封
Cangzhou 封
Baoding 封
Shijiazhuang 封
Lijin 封
Jinan 封
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 封
Dandong 封
Yantai 封
Qingdao 封
Zhucheng 封
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 封
Jining 封
Linfen 封
Shangqiu 封
Yuanyang 封
Zhengzhou 封
Xinyang 封
Ankang 封
Xi'an 封
Baoji 封
Tianshui 封
Xining 封
Xuzhou 封
Fuyang 封
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 封
Lanzhou 封
Dunhuang 封
Hami 封
Ürümqi 封
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 封
Nanchong 封
Dazhou 封
Hanyuan 封
Xichang 封
Zigong 封
Chongqing 封
Wuhan 封
Yichang 封
Xiangyang 封
Tianmen 封
Guiyang 封
Zunyi 封
Bijie 封
Liping 封
Zhaotong 封
Dali 封
Kunming 封
Mengzi 封
Guilin 封
Liuzhou 封
Jishou 封
Changde 封
Hanzhong 封
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 封
Yangzhou 封
Lianyungang 封
Lianshui 封
Nantong 封
Anqing 封
Wuhu 封
Hefei 封
Hong'an 封
Cantonese Guangzhou 封
Hong Kong 封
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 封
Macau 封
Guangzhou (Panyu) 封
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 封
Guangzhou (Conghua) 封
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 封
Foshan 封
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 封
Foshan (Shunde) 封
Foshan (Sanshui) 封
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 封
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 封
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 封
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 封
Zhuhai (Doumen) 封
Jiangmen (Baisha) 封
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 封
Taishan 封
Kaiping (Chikan) 張
Enping (Niujiang) 封
Heshan (Yayao) 封
Dongguan 封
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 封
Hakka Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 封
Dongguan (Qingxi) 封
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 封
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 封
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 封
Huizhou Shexian 封
Jin Taiyuan 封
Yangyuan 封
Datong 封
Xinzhou 封
Lüliang (Lishi) 封
Changzhi 封
Linhe 封
Jining 封
Hohhot 封
Erenhot 封
Pingshan 封
Zhangjiakou 封
Handan 封
Linzhou 封
Suide 封
Eastern Min Fuqing 張
Southern Min Xiamen 封
Jinjiang 張
Yongchun 張
Tainan 張
Manila (Hokkien) 張
Datian 封
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 封

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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封

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. to seal, to close

Readings

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  • Go-on: ふう (fū, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ほう (hō, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Korean

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Hanja

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封 (eumhun 봉할 봉 (bonghal bong))

  1. hanja form? of 봉 (“letter, envelope”)

封 (eumhun 묻을 폄 (mudeul pyeom))

  1. hanja form? of 폄 (“close, hide, seal”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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封: Hán Nôm readings: phong

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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