封疆

Chinese

		to confer; to grant; to seal to confer; to grant; to seal; (a measure word)	border; boundary
simp. and trad. (封疆)		封	疆

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fēngjiāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung¹ goeng¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fēngjiāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fongjiang
    • Wade–Giles: fêng¹-chiang¹
    • Yale: fēng-jyāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fengjiang
    • Palladius: фэнцзян (fɛnczjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fung¹ goeng¹
    • Yale: fūng gēung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung¹ goeng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fung¹ gêng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: pjowng|pjowngH kjang

Rime
Character	封	封	疆
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	府容切	方用切	居良切
Baxter	pjowng	pjowngH	kjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨoŋ/	/pɨoŋH/	/kɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/pioŋ/	/pioŋH/	/kiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/pioŋ/	/pioŋH/	/kiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puawŋ/	/puawŋH/	/kɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/pioŋ/	/pioŋH/	/kiaŋ/
Wang Li	/pĭwoŋ/	/pĭwoŋH/	/kĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯woŋ/	/pi̯woŋH/	/ki̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fēng	fèng	jiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fung1	fung3	goeng1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*p(r)oŋ  kaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*poŋ|poŋs  kaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	封	疆
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fēng	jiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ pjowng ›	‹ kjang ›
Old Chinese	/*p(r)oŋ/	/*kaŋ/
English	raise a mound; enfeoff	boundary
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	封	封	疆
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	3253	3259	6261
Phonetic component	封	封	畺
Rime group	東	東	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	封	葑	薑
Old Chinese	/*poŋ/	/*poŋs/	/*kaŋ/
Notes	甲文同豐金文加又或寸轉註， 表封土植木爲封疆		同畺

Noun

封疆

1. (literary) borders; dominion