開封

See also: 开封

Chinese

		open opening up	the borders the borderlands
trad. (開封)		開	封
simp. (开封)		开	封
anagram		封開／封开

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāifēng

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ fung¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khui-hong

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaifong
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-fêng¹
    • Yale: kāi-fēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifeng
    • Palladius: кайфэн (kajfɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēngr
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaifongr
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-fêng¹-ʼrh
    • Yale: kāi-fēngr
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifengl
    • Palladius: кайфэнр (kajfɛnr)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Yale: hōi fūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hong
    • Tâi-lô: khui-hong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hofng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: khoj pjowng

Rime
Character	開	封
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	苦哀切	府容切
Baxter	khoj	pjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi/	/pɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi/	/pioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi/	/pioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj/	/puawŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi/	/pioŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi/	/pĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i/	/pi̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kāi	fēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi1	fung1

Verb

開封

1. to unseal, to break open a seal

   • 親朋寄書至，欲讀慵開封。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     亲朋寄书至，欲读慵开封。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 811, Bai Juyi（白居易）,《詠慵》, translated into English as Lazy Man's Song by Arthur Waley, 1919.

     Qīnpéng jìshū zhì, yù dú yōng kāifēng. [Pinyin]

     My friends and relatives write me long letters;
     I should like to read them, but they're such a bother to open.

Synonyms

• 啟封／启封 (qǐfēng)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Kāifēng

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ fung¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Khôi-fûng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): koi¹ fung¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): Kăi-hŭng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Khai-hong

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kai¹ hong¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khe-fon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Kāifēng → Kāifeng (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ → ㄎㄞ ˙ㄈㄥ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Kaifo̊ng
    • Wade–Giles: Kʻai¹-fêng⁵
    • Yale: Kāi-feng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kai.feng
    • Palladius: Кайфэн (Kajfɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/ → /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Yale: hōi fūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Khôi-fûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ fung^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ fung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: koi¹ fung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Kăi-hŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵⁵ ^(h-)uŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khai-hong
    • Tâi-lô: Khai-hong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qai'hofng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kai¹ hong¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khai hong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹khe-fon
    • MiniDict: khe^平 fon
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khe-fon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

Etymology

The city was named in the late 8^th century BCE by the Duke Zhuang of Zheng originally as 啓封 / 启封 (qǐfēng), literally opening up a new domain. Later in 156 BCE, for the new emperor's name happened to be 啓／启, the character was displaced by its closest synonym 開／开, hence the current name.

Proper noun

開封

1. (～市) Kaifeng (a city in Henan, China)

Synonyms

• (archaic, historical) 汴梁 (Biànliáng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開封):

• → Japanese: 開(かい)封(ふう) (kaifū)
• → Korean: 개봉(開封) (gaebong)

→ Thai: ไคฟง

References

• "Kaifeng—Ancient Capital" from the China Internet Information Center, State Council Information Office of the PRC

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
開	封
かい Grade: 3	ふう Grade: S
goon

Noun

開(かい)封(ふう) • (kaifū) 

1. breaking-open of a seal

   未(み)開(かい)封(ふう)のまま賞(しょう)味(み)期(き)限(げん)を過(す)ぎてしまった牛(ぎゅう)乳(にゅう)

   mikaifū no mama shōmi kigen o sugiteshimatta gyūnyū

   milk that has passed its expiration date without ever being opened

2. unsealed mail

Verb

開(かい)封(ふう)する • (kaifū suru) suru (stem 開(かい)封(ふう)し (kaifū shi), past 開(かい)封(ふう)した (kaifū shita))

1. to break open a seal

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開封する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開封し	かいふうし	kaifū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開封し	かいふうし	kaifū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開封する	かいふうする	kaifū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開封する	かいふうする	kaifū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開封すれ	かいふうすれ	kaifū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開封せよ¹ 開封しろ²	かいふうせよ¹ かいふうしろ²	kaifū seyo¹ kaifū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開封される	かいふうされる	kaifū sareru
Causative	開封させる 開封さす	かいふうさせる かいふうさす	kaifū saseru kaifū sasu
Potential	開封できる	かいふうできる	kaifū dekiru
Volitional	開封しよう	かいふうしよう	kaifū shiyō
Negative	開封しない	かいふうしない	kaifū shinai
Negative continuative	開封せず	かいふうせず	kaifū sezu
Formal	開封します	かいふうします	kaifū shimasu
Perfective	開封した	かいふうした	kaifū shita
Conjunctive	開封して	かいふうして	kaifū shite
Hypothetical conditional	開封すれば	かいふうすれば	kaifū sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
開	封
かい Grade: 3	ほう Grade: S
kan'on

Proper noun

開(かい)封(ほう) • (Kaihō) 

1. Kaifeng (a city in Henan, China)

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	封

Noun

開封 • (gaebong) (hangeul 개봉)

1. hanja form^? of 개봉