Appendix:Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic – in most cases these words are not cognates, but in some cases they are etymological twins, i.e., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus.
The meanings of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates, and occasionally the specific meaning in the list is unique to English.
| Germanic source | Germanic | Latinate | Latin source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijanan + *af- PGmc *fur- + *sakanan PGmc *fur- + *lǣtanan PGmc *gebanan + *ūp PGmc *bi-linnanan |
abandon leave, leave off forsake forlet give up blin |
relinquish abdicate desert renounce |
relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicāre dēserere < dē- + serere renūntiāre < re- + nūntius |
| PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt PGmc *smartōn- PGmc *wai PGmc *sairaz PGmc *þrawō |
ache hurt smart woe sore throe |
pain agony |
poena < Gk poinē L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā |
| PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō |
allegiance troth |
fidelity loyalty |
fidēlitās lēgālis |
| Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo |
anger wrath |
rage ire |
rabiēs īra |
| Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz PGmc *hrengaz (Frankish *hring) PGmc *līnion + *ūp PGmc *sat- PGmc *hlutom PGmc *līston |
array row range, rank line, lineup set lot list |
series order sequence |
seriēs < serere ordō L.L. sequentia < sequēns < sequī |
| WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignanan PGmc *besōkjanan Old English bedecian PGmc *sōkjanan |
ask frain beseech beg seek |
inquire request |
in + quaerere re + quaerere |
| PGmc *ga-waraz PGmc *ana + *breustam PGmc *ūp + *tō + *spōdiz |
aware abreast up to speed |
cognizant | cognoscere |
| WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan Old Norse *flǫgra, flakka Frankish *hariwald Frankish *heriberga Frankish *witan |
beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide |
signal indicator |
M.L. signāle M.L. indicātor |
| PGmc *beforan PGmc *beforan + *handuz PGmc *ana + *haubuþan + *af PGmc *airiz |
before beforehand ahead of ere |
prior | prior |
| PGmc *bī + *hafjanan PGmc *beranan + *-unga Frankish *stikkan Frankish *wīsa PGmc *wegaz |
behaviour bearing etiquette guise way |
action attitude manner conduct |
āctiō L.L. aptitūdō V.L. *manuāria < L manuārius < manus M.L. conductus < L condūcere |
| PGmc *bī + *haitanan PGmc *bidjanan + *-unga |
behest bidding |
command order |
V.L. commandāre ordō |
| PGmc *bī- + *hōfan PGmc *gagniz PGmc *bōniz PGmc *blōdisōjanan + *-unga PGmc *wela + *farō |
behoof gain boon blessing welfare |
advantage benefit |
L.L.*abantaticum benefactum |
| WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjanan |
begin start |
commence | com + initiāre |
| PGmc *ga-laubjan PGmc *ga-menþijan + *sat- PGmc *gōdaz + *spellan PGmc *trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga |
belief mindset gospel truth leaning |
creed | crēdere |
| PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz PGmc *wambō |
belly midriff womb |
abdomen | abdomen |
| Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz PGmc *stōraz, stōriz PGmc *mikilaz PGmc *haugaz (Frankish *houg) |
big great stour mickle huge |
large grand |
larga < largus grandis |
| PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jēran + *tīdiz |
birthday yeartide |
anniversary | M.L. (diēs) anniversāria |
| PGmc *blījom PGmc *hīwjan PGmc *daugō PGmc *skadwō |
blee hue dye shade |
colour | color |
| PGmc *blōmōn PGmc *blōsmaz PGmc *buzdōn PGmc *burjō(n) (Frankish *burjan) |
bloom blossom bud burgeon |
flower | flor- < flos |
| PGmc *budagan PGmc *framojanan WGmc *makojana + *ūp PGmc *līkan |
body, embodiment frame makeup lich |
corpus, corpse carcass cadaver |
corpus M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ? cadāver |
| PGmc *brōþar | brotherly | fraternal | frāternus |
| Old English budda Old English bitela |
bug beetle |
insect | insectum |
| Old English byldan PGmc *raizijanan PGmc *raizijanan |
build rear raise |
construct | cōnstruere < com + struere |
| Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *tækanan PGmc *nutō |
business undertaking note |
affair enterprise |
ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre |
| PGmc *bugjanan | buy | purchase | pro- + V.L. *captiare |
| WGmc *kalbam | calf | veal | vitellus, vitulus |
| PGmc *kallōjanan + *-unga Middle English jobbe PGmc *lība- + *werkan PGmc *lība- + *laidō PGmc *libēn- + *-unga |
calling job lifework livelihood living |
career profession vocation occupation employment |
L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic M.L. professiō vocātiō occupātiō implicāre + -mentum |
| Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganan PGmc *skamō |
chagrin dismay shame |
displeasure dissatisfaction |
dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō |
| PGmc *skihanan (Middle High German schicken) PGmc *trandijanan PGmc *wagōjanan (Old Saxon wogōn) PGmc *dapraz (via Middle Dutch dapper) Middle English dasshen (< Danish daske) PGmc *swankianan PGmc *ūp + *tūnaz, *tūnan |
chic trendy in vogue dapper dashing swanky uptown |
elegant fashionable stylish |
ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere stylus, stilus |
| PGmc *kilþam PGmc *barnan Middle English babe + -y PGmc *kiþjom (via Old Norse kið) Middle English newborn |
child bairn baby kid newborn |
infant | īnfāns |
| PGmc *keusanan PGmc *pikkanan PGmc *walan (Old Norse val) |
choose pick wale |
opt select |
optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere |
| PGmc *karzjanan | chore | task | M.L. tasca |
| PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz PGmc *freusanþjaz |
cold chilly freezing |
frigid | frigidus |
| PGmc *kweman PGmc *landjanan PGmc *raikijanau PGmc *getanan WGmc *makojanan |
come land reach get to make (to a place) |
arrive | ad + ripa |
| PGmc *kōuz PGcm *bullon- PGmc *nautan PGmc *uhson PGmc *steuraz PGmc *wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt) Old High German ūrohso |
cow bull neat ox steer bison aurochs |
beef cattle |
bōs/bovis V.L. capitale |
| PGmc *dagaz + *likaz | daily | diurnal | diurnalis |
| PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banon + *fullaz |
deadly baneful |
mortal fatal |
mortālis fatum |
| PGmc *dōmjanan Frankish *wardōn PGmc *haldanan PGmc *fōlijanan PGmc *bī + *þankjanan |
deem regard hold feel bethink |
judge consider esteem |
iūdicāre consīderāre consīderāre |
| PGmc *deuzam PGmc *hirutaz PGmc *dajjō(n) (Old English dā) PGmc *hindō PGmc *stag- PGmc *raihōn |
deer hart doe hind stag roe |
venison | venātiō/nis |
| PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz PGmc *putōjanan, pūtjanan + *dūn PGmc *lǣgaz |
demean, bemean belittle put down lower |
debase, abase degrade humiliate |
L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus L.L. humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis |
| PGmc *dōnan PGmc *framjanan PGmc *under + *tækanan |
do perform undertake |
execute dispatch |
M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre |
| Old English docga PGmc *hundas |
dog hound |
canid, canine | canis |
| PGmc *drengkan PGmc *sweljanan Old High German garo + ūz Old Norse ves + heill PGmc *sūpanan |
drink swill carouse wassail sup, sip |
imbibe | imbibere < in + bibere |
| PGmc *dubon | dove | pigeon culver |
V.L. pibionem columbula |
| PGmc *ernust- PGmc *grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz |
earnest grim stern |
serious grave sober |
L.L. sēriōsus gravis sōbrius |
| PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō PGmc *landom PGmc *grundus PGmc *landam + *skapiz |
dirt earth land ground landscape |
soil terrain |
partly from Latin solium; partly from Old English sol terrenum < terra |
| PGmc *austra PGmc *austra + *līkaz PGmc *austra + *warþaz |
eastern easterly eastward |
oriental | orīri |
| PGmc *etanan PGmc *suppanan PGmc *brekanan + *brauþan PGmc *bankiz PGmc *fōdjanan Middle Dutch snacken PGmc *swelganan PGmc *hnaskwajanan PGmc *tækanan + *in PGmc *bītanan PGmc *skirfanan (Old English sceorfan) |
eat sup break bread banquet feed snack swallow nosh take in bite scarf |
dine consume devour ingest |
V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere dēvorāre ingestus < ingerere |
| PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *līban + *tīmēn PGmc *līban + *spannō |
eld lifetime lifespan |
age | aevitās ( < aevum) + -age |
| PGmc *anðiōn PGmc *fullfuljanan PGmc *haldanan PGmc *wrappanan PGmc *stuppojanan PGmc *bi-linnanan |
end fulfill halt wrap up stop blin |
finish complete discontinue |
fīnīre complēre dis- + continuāre |
| PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz PGmc *smāþjaz, smōþjaz PGmc *in + *līnion PGmc *līnion + *ūp PGmc *stadō + *-igaz |
even flat smooth in line lined up steady |
level planar equal |
V.L. *lībellum < lībella L.L. plānāris < plānum aequālis < aequus |
| PGmc *faranan Middle Dutch trecken PGmc *gēnan + *ana + *braiþaz PGmc *tækanan + *trap- Old Norse rāfa Frankish *wala |
fare trek go abroad take a trip rove gallivant |
travel journey voyage |
V.L. *trepaliāre V.L. *diurnāta viāticum |
| PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa PGmc *snellaz PGmc *kwikwaz PGmc *swīpanan PGmc *spōdigaz, *spēdigaz |
fast rathe, rather snell quick swift speedy |
rapid | rapidus |
| PGmc *fadar + *likaz | fatherly | paternal | paternus |
| WGmc *fōljan PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *tukkanan, *tækanan |
feeling awareness touch |
sentiment sensation |
sensus, sentiō |
| PGmc *fullijan + *up PGmc *stukk- PGmc *niwjanan |
fill up stock renew |
replenish | re + plēnus |
| PGmc *furistaz PGmc *furma PGmc *magan- |
first foremost main |
primary | prīmus |
| PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbanan PGmc *ubersatjanan |
flood overwhelm overset |
inundate | inundāre < in + unda |
| PGmc *fulgian Old Norse traþk |
follow track |
ensue | in- + sequi |
| PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo PGmc *fure- + *gēnþjaz Old English hwīlum |
former erstwhile foregoing, aforegoing whilom |
previous preceding |
praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere |
| PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- PGmc *fura- + *stallaz |
forbid ban forestall |
prohibit prevent |
prohibēre < pro + habēre inter + dicere, dictus praevenīre |
| PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan |
forecast outlook |
projection | prōjectiō < prō + iacere |
| PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan PGmc *fura- +*buþanan PGmc *fura- +*skadwōjanan |
foretell soothsay forebode foreshadow |
predict | praedīcere |
| PGmc *frijaz | freedom | liberty | lībertās < līber |
| PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz PGmc *warmaz |
friendly kindly warm |
amicable | amīcus |
| Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda WGmc *parruk Old English pund- Old English pearroc |
garden yard park pound paddock |
court enclosure |
co- + hortus in- + claudere |
| PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan PGmc *gadurojan + *ūp PGmc *kruppaz Old English clyster PGmc *lisanan |
gather forgather gather up group cluster lease |
assemble | ad + simul |
| PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali- |
gift handsel |
present | prae- + essere |
| PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan WGmc*frumjana |
give afford furnish |
provide | pro + vidēre |
| PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz PGmc *fagaraz PGmc *murgijaz PGmc *wunjo-samaz PGmc *hapan PGmc *gliujan PGmc *þurilam (via Old English þyrel) PGmc *kwēmiaz |
gladness bliss fairness merriment, mirth winsomeness happiness glee thrill queem |
joy pleasure delight |
gaudium placēre dēlēctāre |
| PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz |
god, goddess godhead |
deity immortal |
deus immortālis |
| PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) PGmc *hilpō + *fullaz PGmc *gagniz + *fullaz PGmc *hailaz + *samaz PGmc *werþan + *hwīlō |
good well helpful gainful wholesome worthwhile |
beneficial | beneficium |
| WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan |
go on wend |
proceed | pro- + cedere |
| WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz |
green lush |
verdant | viridis |
| PGmc *getiskanan PGmc *faþmaz PGmc *swumto- Frankish *galgo |
guess fathom sound gauge |
estimate | aestimare |
| PGmc *harjaz + *berg PGmc *hafnaz |
harbour haven |
port | portus |
| PGmc *harþuz + *skapiz PGmc *uzdailjam |
hardship ordeal |
difficulty | difficultās |
| PGmc *hatojanan PGmc *laiþojanan PGmc *skarn- (Frankish *skern) |
hate loathe scorn |
detest | de- + testari |
| PGmc *hauhiþa PGmc *luftuz |
height loftiness |
altitude | altitūdō (< altus) |
| PGmc *helpan PGmc *ūz- + *baitjanan (Frankish *bētan) PGmc *gebanan + *handuz |
help abet give a hand |
assist | assistere < ad + sistere |
| WGmc *hannja | hen | pullet | pullus |
| PGmc *hulnis PGmc *bergaz PGmc *mundō PGmc *dūnō, dūnaz |
hill barrow mound down, dune |
mount | mōns, montis |
| PGmc *hailagaz + *dagaz WGmc *lauba PGmc *brekan WGmc *fur- + *lauba |
holiday leave break furlough |
vacation | vacātiō |
| PGmc *hailagaz PGmc *gahailagōiðaz |
holy hallowed |
sacred | sacrāre |
| PGmc *aujo + *landom PGmc *aujo PGmc *hulmaz |
island ait, eyot holm |
isle | insula |
| WGmc *jukkjan PGmc *wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja) WGmc *taisijanan WGmc *fur-etanan PGmc *grellanan |
itch irk tease fret grill |
irritate | irritāre |
| PGmc gakundiz Old English ilca PGmc *brandaz PGmc *brōd- PGmc *sat- PGmc *streun- Frankish *tīr PGmc *līkaz |
kind ilk brand breed set strain tier like |
type class sort genre |
typus < Gk tupos classis sors genera |
| PGmc *knoean PGmc *witanan PGmc *spehōjanan (Frankish *spehōn) PGmc *sputtōn PGmc *taljanan |
know wit/wot espy spot tell |
recognize | re + cognoscere |
| PGmc *lataz PGmc *latjanan |
late delayed |
tardy | tardus |
| PGmc *lagan (Old Norse lag) + *-fullaz PGmc *gastrahtaz PGmc *fagraz PGmc *rehtaz PGmc *gasundas PGmc *gamaitijaz PGmc *warjanan (Frankish *warand) PGmc *fittjanan |
lawful straight fair right, rightful sound meet warranted fitting |
legal legitimate, legit just proper |
lēgālis M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre jūstus < jūs proprius |
| PGmc *laiþjan PGmc *kuningaz PGmc *haubuþan PGmc *biron PGmc *erloz |
leader king head baron earl |
duke president |
dux praesidēns |
| PGmc *langiþo | length | longitude | longitūdō (< longus) |
| PGmc *legjan PGmc *rastjō, rastō PGmc *hlinojanan |
lie (lie down) rest lean (back) |
repose recline |
re- + pausa re- + clinare |
| PGmc *lubo Middle English fond, fonned |
loving fond |
amorous | amōrōsus |
| PGmc *managaz PGmc *manigaz + *falþaz PGmc *rīfiz PGmc *taumijanþjaz |
many manifold rife teeming |
multiple numerous abundant copious |
multi + plūs numerosus abundantem copiosus |
| PGmc *ga-makon PGmc *fittjanan PGmc *andswarōjanan + *tō |
match fit answer to |
correspond | con + respondēre |
| WGmc *mainijan PGmc *be- + *taiknjanan PGmc *standanan + *fura |
mean betoken stand for |
intend signify |
intendere significare |
| PGmc *motijan PGmc *hitjanan (Old Norse hitta) |
meet hit |
encounter | incontrāre < in + contrā |
| PGmc *medjaz + *dagaz | midday | noon | nona |
| Old Norse mistaka PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse blundra) |
mistake blunder |
error | error (< errāre) |
| PGmc *mōdar + *likaz | motherly | maternal | māternus |
| PGmc *nēhwaz PGmc *nēhwizáz |
nigh near |
close | clausus |
| PGmc *neujaz PGmc *friskaz PGmc *nū |
new fresh now |
novel modern |
novus modernus |
| PGmc *naht + *likaz | nightly | nocturnal | nocturnus |
| WGmc *alda PGmc *stal-, *sta- PGmc *aldizo + *līkaz PGmc *jǣron |
old stale elderly of yore |
ancient antediluvian |
V.L. *anteanus < ante ante + diluvium |
| PGmc *anþaraz PGmc *aljaz |
other else |
different alternative |
differre alterare |
| PGmc *ufnaz PGmc *herþaz PGmc *stubō PGmc *aistō PGmc *smiþjon |
oven hearth stove oast smithy, smithery |
kiln furnace |
culina fornax |
| PGmc *raidō PGmc *wegaz PGmc *bulaz + *werkam PGmc *drībanan PGmc *paþaz |
road way boulevard drive path |
street route itinerary |
V.L. strata rupta itinerantem |
| PGmc *rutjan PGmc *be- + *fūljanan PGmc *be- + *fūlaz |
rot defile befoul |
putrefy | putrefacere |
| PGmc *sehwan PGmc *kanjanan |
see ken |
perceive | per- + capere |
| Old Norse *sœma PGmc *lōkōjanan |
seem look |
appear | apparere |
| PGmc *seuþanan Middle English bublelen (Middle Low German bubeln) |
seethe bubble |
boil | bullīre |
| PGmc *selbaz + *haiduz PGmc *galīkaz + *-nassus PGmc *selbaz + *dōmaz |
selfhood likeness selfdom |
identity | L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās |
| PGmc *selbaz + *samaz | selfsame | identical | M.L. identicus + -al |
| PGmc *saljanan Old Saxon *trada PGmc *dailjanan + *in Frankish *borganjan |
sell trade deal in bargain |
vend | vendere < venum + dare |
| PGmc *skapjanan PGmc *buþlam (Old English bold) PGmc *ūt + *līniōn |
shape build outline |
form | forma |
| WGmc *skæpa PGmc *lambaz |
sheep lamb |
mutton | M.L. multō (< Celtic) |
| PGmc *skoppan | shop | store | instaurare |
| WGmc *skuttjan | shut | close | clausus |
| PGmc *skeuh(w)az | shy | timid | timidus |
| PGmc *sehwiþō PGmc *sehwanan |
sight seeing |
vision | vidēre/vīsum |
| PGmc *skaljo PGmc *krab-, kraf- PGmc *kunnanan |
skill craft cunning |
art science |
ars scientia |
| PGmc *skaljo + *fullaz PGmc *krab-, kraf- + *-igaz PGmc *gadaftjaz |
skillful crafty deft |
adept | adeptus < adipiscī |
| PGmc *slǣpanþiaz PGmc *slūmerianþiaz PGmc *īdalaz PGmc *falgō |
sleeping slumbering idle fallow |
dormant hibernate torpid |
dormīre |
| PGmc *smæl PGmc *lūtilaz PGmc *tindaz Old English wēg, wǣge |
small little tiny wee |
minute petite diminutive |
minūtus < minuere pitinnus diminutivus |
| PGmc *snakon PGmc *wurmiz |
snake worm |
serpent | serpens |
| PGmc *surgo PGmc *karō PGmc *wai |
sorrow care woe |
grief | OFr grever < L gravare < gravis |
| PGmc *sprekanan PGmc *taljanan WGmc *prātana |
speak talk prate, prattle |
converse discourse |
con- + vertere dis- + currere |
| PGmc *stund- PGmc *tīmēn, tīma- PGmc *tīþiz PGmc *hwīlō Old English þrāg Old English spelian PGmc *stuntjanan |
stound time tide while throw spell stint |
hour moment interval |
hōra < Gk hōrā mōmentum intervallum |
| PGmc *sundrigaz PGmc *miskjanan |
sundry mixed |
various miscellaneous |
varius miscellus |
| PGmc *swīnam PGmc *farhaz PGmc *sugō, WGmc *bairaz Old English picg- Old English hogg |
swine farrow sow boar pig hog |
pork | porcus |
| PGmc *taikijanan WGmc *skauwojanan PGmc *laizjanan |
teach show lear, lere |
educate | ēdūcāre < ēdūcere |
| PGmc *taljanan PGmc *kunþjanan PGmc *makojanan *(ga)knēwanaz |
tell kithe make known |
relate narrate |
relatus < re- + ferre narrare |
| PGmc *þankjan PGmc *(ga)þāht- + *-fullaz PGmc *(ga)mentþijan + *-fullaz |
thinking thoughtful mindful |
pensive | pēnsāre |
| PGmc *(ga)þāhtan Early Modern English hinch PGmc *inkēn PGmc *kliwjo- |
thought hunch inkling clue |
idea | idea |
| PGmc *þreutanan PGmc *pleg- PGmc *fēraz |
threat plight fear |
danger peril menace |
V.L. *dominarium < dominus periculum minaciae < minari |
| PGmc *taiknan PGmc *markō PGmc *hallō + *markō PGmc *huntōjanan PGmc *stampōjanan |
token mark hallmark hint stamp |
sign symbol trace indication |
signum symbolum < Gk sýmbolon V.L. *tractiāre indicātiō |
| PGmc *tungon PGmc *sprǣkijō PGmc *talō |
tongue speech talk |
language | V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua |
| PGmc *twinjaz PGmc *twai + PGmc *-falþaz PGmc *twī- |
twin twofold twi- |
double duplicate |
duplus duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex |
| PGmc *under + *standan PGmc *getanan PGmc *graipisōn |
understand get grasp |
comprehend | comprehendere |
| PGmc *ūp- + *haldanan PGmc *bolhstraz PGmc *beranan + *up- PGmc *under + *gurþjanan PGmc *ūp + beranan WGmc skor- + up PGmc *stagaz (Frankish *staka) |
uphold bolster bear up undergird upbear shore up stay |
support | supportāre |
| PGmc *up- + *luftijan PGmc *raizjan |
uplifting raising, rearing |
elevating | ē- + levāre |
| PGmc *ūtizon PGmc *sagjanan |
utter say |
pronounce | pro- + nuntsecuiare |
| PGmc *ūtizon WGmc *alnaz + *tō-gaduraz PGmc *fullīkō PGmc *hailaz +*līkō |
utterly altogether fully wholly |
totally | tōtālis |
| PGmc *wadjojan PGmc *mizdō, meidō PGmc *hūrja |
wage meed hire |
salary | salārium |
| PGmc *wakan PGmc *bīdanan Old English tergan PGmc *woenijanan |
wait, await bide tarry ween |
expect | ex + spectāre |
| WGmc *warnōjanan + *-unga PGmc *tupp- + *af- |
warning tip off |
notice alert recommendation admonition |
nōtitia It all'erta < L ērigere M.L. recommendātiō admonitiō |
| PGmc *watskanan PGmc *klainisōn PGmc *hrainisōn PGmc *labōjanan PGmc *baðojanan PGmc *skrubbanan |
wash cleanse rinse lave bathe scrub |
launder | M.L. lavandāria < lavare |
| PGmc *wakan PGmc *kōpjanan PGmc *behaldanan |
watch keep behold |
observe | ob + servāre |
| PGmc *wakanan PGmc *wakanþjaz PGmc *warō + *-igaz |
watchful waking wary |
vigilant | vigilāre |
| PGmc *wadjōjanan | wed | marry | marītāre |
| PGmc *wadjō + *laikaz | wedlock | marriage | V.L. *maritaticum |
| PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *framiþjaz PGmc *uzdaz PGmc *þwerhwaz PGmc *unkunþaz Old English ūtlendisc PGmc *alja- + *rīkjan PGmc *argaz PGmc *faigjáz |
weird fremd odd queer uncouth outlandish eldritch eerie fey |
strange | extrāneus |
| PGmc *weralþeilīkaz | worldly | secular | saeculāris |
| PGmc *wopijanan PGmc *grētanan Old Norse baula Old Norse vǣla PGmc *hwīnanan PGmc *krītanan PGmc *murnanan PGmc *siubanan, *seubōnan, *subōjanan |
weep greet (cry), regret bawl wail whine cry mourn sob |
lament deplore |
lāmentārī < lāmentum dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre |
| PGmc *gawehtiz + *-igaz WGmc *mainijanan + *-unga + *fullaz PGmc *ki- (Old English cǣġe) |
weighty meaningful key |
important | M.L. importantus |
| PGmc *westra | western | occidental | occidere |
| PGmc *(ga)hailaz | whole | entire | integer |
| PGmc *wīdas PGmc *braiþiþō PGmc *spannō |
width breadth span |
latitude | latitūdō (< latus) |
| PGmc *wilþjiaz PGmc *faliz PGmc *grimmaz |
wild fell grim |
savage feral |
silvaticus < silva fera |
| PGmc *wīsaz PGmc *klufraz PGmc *in + *gasihþ + *fullaz PGmc *in + *leuhtam PGmc *kōniz PGmc *knoeanan + *laikam PGmc *skreuwon |
wise clever insightful enlightened keen knowledgeable shrewd |
prudent | prudēns < providēns |
| PGmc *wunskjan PGmc *weljanan PGmc *gernjanan PGmc *langojanan PGmc *lustuz PGmc *wana-, wanēn (Old Norse vanta) |
wish will yearning longing lust want |
desire | desiderāre |
| Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz | womanly | feminine | femininus |
| PGmc *widuz PGmc *hulto- PGmc *walþuz WGmc *busk PGmc *graibō PGmc *bruskaz PGmc *þekwatjan (Old English þiccet) PGmc *furhiþō (Old English fyrhþ) PGmc *skagjan |
wood (a wood) holt weald/wold bush, boscage grove brush thicket frith shaw |
forest | M.L. *foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish *forhist |
| PGmc *wurdan + PGmc *bōkiz | wordbook | dictionary | dictiōnārium |
| PGmc *werkan PGmc *dreuganan PGmc *swinkanan |
work drudge, drudgery swink |
labor | labor |
| PGmc *wrītanan + *-unga PGmc *gawritan |
writing writ |
script | scrīptum < scrībere |
| PGmc *jǣram + *likaz | yearly | annual | annalis |
| WGmc *gelwa | yellow | ochre | ochra |
| WGmc *jugunþiz + *fullaz PGmc *jungas |
youthful young |
juvenile | iuvenis |
| PGmc *juwunþiz PGmc *tehuniz + *haiduz |
youth teenhood |
adolescence | adolescere < ad + alescere |
Sources
[edit]- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Merriam-Webster Online
- Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. Robert K. Barnhart. →ISBN