ire

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ire"

English

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /aɪɹ/
• (UK) IPA^(key): /aɪ.ə(ɹ)/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)

Etymology 1

From Middle English ire, yre, from Old English īre, ȳre, īr, ȳr, shortened form of īren (“iron”). More at iron.

Noun

ire

1. (obsolete) Iron.
   • 1806, Richard Polwhele, The Language, Literature, and Literary Characters of Cornwall: with Illustrations from Devonshire, page 25:

     […] 'Tell I'm rud as the smith makes the pieces of ire; […]

   • 1842, George Philip Rigney Pulman, Rustic Sketches; being poems on angling ... in the dialect of East Devon, page 55:

     A ire thing, moore smart by haff, / That zeed var off 's za theene 's a laff, / An' zum zes edden' 'xac'ly saff, / Stan's in th' place ee did.

Etymology 2

From Middle English ire, from Old French ire (“ire”), from Latin īra (“wrath, rage”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to fall upon, act sharply”) (compare Old English ofost (“haste, zeal”), Old Norse eisa (“to race forward”), Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), οἶστρος (oîstros, “frenzy; gadfly”), Avestan 𐬀𐬈𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aesma, “anger”), Sanskrit इष् f (iṣ, “refreshment, strength”)). Compare also Middle English irre, erre (“anger, wrath”), from Old English yrre, ierre, eorre (“anger, wrath”).

Noun

ire (uncountable)

2. Great anger; wrath; keen resentment.

   Synonyms: fury, rage, wrath

   to raise the ire of someone

   • a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the folio)”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC:

     She lik'd not his desire; Fain would be free but dreadeth parents ire

   • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

     If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves, And hung their rotten coffins up in chains, It could not slake mine ire, nor ease my heart.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long Perplex'd the Greek and Cytherea's son.

   • a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “The First Book of Homer’s Ilias”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume IV, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 419:

     For this th' avenging Pow'r employs his darts; / And empties all his quiver in our hearts; / Thus will perſiſt, relentleſs in his ire, / Till the fair ſlave be render'd to her ſire: [...]

   • 2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 3:

     News of this notice from the university was picked up by local media and had the effect of raising the ire of some citizens who saw this as an attack on ‘Chinese heritage’, which in turn resulted in a rapid apology from the university[.]

   • 2022 December 27, Brianna Sacks, “Buffalo blizzard fuels racial and class divides in polarized city”, in The Washington Post‎^[1], archived from the original on 29 December 2022:

     Meanwhile, Buffalo was under a driving ban until midnight Thursday because many of its streets were still clogged, preventing people from getting groceries and medication. In predominantly Black parts of the city, like the East Side, many residents still can’t leave their homes. Twelve-foot snow drifts still cover windows.¶ Buffalo’s slow, haphazard plowing and response has also drawn the ire of county leaders.

Related terms

• irascibility
• irascible
• irate
• ireful

 

Translations

great anger

• Bulgarian: гняв (bg) m (gnjav), ярост (bg) f (jarost)
• Catalan: ira (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 憤怒 / 愤怒 (zh) (fènnù)

• Czech: hněv (cs) m, zloba f
• Dutch: toorn (nl) m, woede (nl) f
• Esperanto: kolero (eo)
• Finnish: viha (fi)
• French: ire (fr) f, colère (fr) f, courroux (fr) f
• German: Ärger (de) m, Wut (de) f, Zorn (de) m
• Hungarian: harag (hu)
• Italian: ira (it) f
• Japanese: 怒り (ja) (いかり, ikari)
• Korean: 분노(憤怒) (ko) (bunno)
• Latin: īra (la) f
• Macedonian: гнев m (gnev), бес m (bes)
• Maori: hīnawanawa, hīkaka, nguha, nguha
• Persian: غضب (fa) (ğazab)
• Polish: wściekłość (pl) f, furia (pl) f
• Portuguese: ira (pt) f
• Romanian: mânie (ro) f, furie (ro) f
• Russian: гнев (ru) m (gnev), я́рость (ru) f (járostʹ), злость (ru) f (zlostʹ), зло́ба (ru) f (zlóba)
• Spanish: ira (es) f
• Thai: ความโกรธ (th) (kwaam gròht), ความโมโห (th) (kwaam mohŏh), โทสะ (too-sà)

Verb

ire (third-person singular simple present ires, present participle iring, simple past and past participle ired)

1. (transitive, rare) To anger, to irritate.
   • 1880, Gleason's Monthly Companion, page 287:

     It doesn't tire a man to put down a carpet so much as it ires him.

   • 1915, Dr. Duncan Eve of Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in the Southern Medical Journal, volume 4, page 279:

     I heard enough from the gentleman who has just taken his seat, and from my friend, Dr. Caldwell, to ire me just a little bit.

   • 1962, Louis L'Amour, Lando, page 3:

     “You have enemies. Is that why you have chosen to leave at this time?”
     It ired me that he should think so, but I held my peace, and when I spoke at last, my voice was mild.

   • 1968, “H. P. Wasson and Company”, in Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board, volume 170, page 298:

     Only one employee testified as to the interrogation. This was Mary Farley who testified that at the time the research interviewer reached her home she was entertaining company and that she was “ired” by the interruption.

   • 1992 03, Canadian House of Commons, House of Commons Debates, volume 7, page 8115:

     Mr. Gray (Bonaventure–Îles-de-la-Madeleine): Mr. Speaker, [...] Having been in the House of Commons for seven and one-half years and regardless of political stripe, the thing that angers and ires me the most is to hear downtown metro people talking […]

   • 2001 August 1, Xan Nowakowski, Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 104:

     […] to give up anorexia. Everyone else deserves their food; it ires me to no end—couldn't write “pissed off,” too juvenile—to hear other girls say, “I shouldn't be eating this.” Shut up, I want to say, you're fucking gorgeous.

   • 2012 September 14, Jim McGahern, A Leg up on the Canon Book 3: Adaptations of Shakespeare's Tragedies and Kyd's the Spanish Tragedy, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 264:

     Instinctively Lear knows she is making some sense, but he has never been treated in this way before and it ires him into calling Goneril a “degenerate bastard” The decrepit old […]

   • 2014 March, John A. Tirpak, “Gates versus the Air Force”, in Air Force Magazine, page 56:

     The origin of Gates’ decapitation of the Air Force’s top leadership clearly lie with the F-22. Gates was ired that “every time Moseley and Air Force secretary Mike Wynne came to see me, it was about a new bomber or more F-22s.”

   • 2020, Sarah Hawkswood, River of Sins, Allison and Busby:

     ‘And do not leave Furnaux in a pool of blood, however much he ires you. He has his uses.’

Translations

to anger, fret

• Dutch: woeden (nl), laaien (nl)
• Faroese: øsa
• Macedonian: беснее (besnee)
• Romanian: înfuria (ro), mânia (ro)
• Spanish: ira (es) f
• Thai: ทำให้โกรธ (tam hâi gròht), ทำให้โกรธเคือง (tam hâi gròht keuang)

References

• “ire”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• “ire”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

Anagrams

• rie, RIE, -ier, Eri, eir, Rie, EIR, rei, Eri.

Dongxiang

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *ire-, compare Mongolian ирэх (irex), Daur irgw.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iˈrə/

Verb

ire

1. to come

Derived terms

• iregva (“to make come”)
• iredan (“manner of coming”)

French

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iʁ

Noun

ire f (plural ires)

1. (archaic, literary or poetic) ire, anger

   Synonym: colère

Further reading

• “ire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams

• rie

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.re/
• Rhymes: -ire
• Hyphenation: ì‧re

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ire f

1. plural of ira

Etymology 2

Verb

ìre (no first-person singular present, no past historic, past participle (regional) ìto, no imperfect, no future, no subjunctive, no imperfect subjunctive, no imperative, auxiliary èssere)

1. (obsolete, regional, literary) Alternative form of gire (“go”) [auxiliary essere]

   Synonym: andare

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ìre (-ire; irregular; defective) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

infinitive	ìre
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		—
present participle		—	past participle		ìto1
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	—	—	—	—	ìte1	—
imperfect	—	—	—	—	—	—
past historic	—	—	—	—	—	—
future	—	—	—	—	—	—
conditional	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	—	—	—	—	—	—
imperfect	—	—	—	—	—	—
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		—	—	—	—	—
negative imperative		—	—	—	—	—

¹Regional.

Including lesser-used forms:

    Conjugation of ìre (-ire; irregular; defective) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

infinitive	ìre
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		—
present participle		—	past participle		ìto1
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	—	—	—	—	ìte1	—
imperfect	—	—	ìva2	—	—	ìvano2
past historic	—	ìsti2	—	—	—	ìrono2
future	—	—	—	irémo2	iréte2	—
conditional	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	èa2	èa2	èa2	—	—	—
imperfect	—	—	—	—	—	—
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		—	—	—	—	—
negative imperative		—	—	—	—	—

¹Regional.
²Archaic or poetic.

Anagrams

• eri, rei, rie, riè

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈiː.re/, [ˈiːrɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈi.re/, [ˈiːre]

Verb

īre

1. present active infinitive of eō

References

• “ire”, in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia‎^[2]

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Etymology 3

Noun

ire

1. Alternative form of ere (“ear”)

Etymology 4

Determiner

ire

1. Alternative form of here (“their”)

Etymology 5

From Old French ire (“ire”) or Latin īra (“wrath, rage”). See English ire for more.

Noun

ire (uncountable)

1. anger, wrath
   • 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

     That lord is now of Thebes the Citee,
     Fulfild of ire and of iniquitee,
     He, for despit and for his tirannye,
     To do the dede bodyes vileynye,
     Of alle oure lordes, whiche that been slawe,
     Hath alle the bodyes on an heep ydrawe,
     And wol nat suffren hem, by noon assent,
     Neither to been yburyed nor ybrent.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis:

     "Mi goode fader, tell me this:
     What thing is Ire? Sone, it is
     That in oure englissh Wrathe is hote […]"

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

• “īre, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Middle French

Etymology

Old French ire < Latin īra.

Noun

ire f (plural ires)

1. ire; rage; fury

Descendants

• French: ire

Neapolitan

Verb

ire

1. Alternative form of jire (“to go”)

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

ire m (definite singular iren, indefinite plural irer, definite plural irene)

1. person from Ireland, Irishman.

   Synonyms: irlender, irlending

Related terms

• Republikken Irland, Irland
• irsk

References

• “ire” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

ire m (definite singular iren, indefinite plural irar, definite plural irane)

1. person from Ireland, Irishman.

   Synonyms: irlendar, irlending

Related terms

• Republikken Irland, Irland
• irsk

References

• “ire” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old French

Etymology

Latin īra.

Noun

ire oblique singular, f (oblique plural ires, nominative singular ire, nominative plural ires)

1. ire, anger, rage

Descendants

• → English: ire
• French: ire (now rare)

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (ire)
• ire on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• ira, iro, iru

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hiz.

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of ira

Declension

Old Saxon personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Singular	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	ik	thū	hē	siu	it
Accusative	mī, me, mik	thī, thik	ina	sia
Dative	mī	thī	imu	iru	it
Genitive	mīn	thīn	is	ira	is
Dual	1.	2.	-	-	-
Nominative	wit	git	-	-	-
Accusative	unk	ink	-	-	-
Dative
Genitive	unkero, unka	inker, inka	-	-	-
Plural	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	wī, we	gī, ge	sia	sia	siu
Accusative	ūs, unsik	eu, iu, iuu
Dative	ūs		im
Genitive	ūser	euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera	iro

Portuguese

Verb

ire

1. inflection of irar:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔiˈɾe/ [ʔɪˈɾɛ]
• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification: i‧re

Pronoun

iré (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ) (dialectal, colloquial)

1. Alternative form of iri: this

Yoruba

Alternative forms

• ure (Ekiti)

Etymology 1

Compare with oore (“blessing”) and rere (“goodness”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ī.ɾē/

Noun

ire

1. good fortune, good luck

   Synonyms: aásìkí, àlùbáríkà

2. goodness, kindness

   Synonym: rere

   Antonym: ìkà

   ire l'ó pé, ìkà kò pé ― Only goodness brings a positive result, wickedness does not

3. A prefix used in unisex given names (ex. Irégbèmí)

Derived terms

• Adédire
• ataare (“a type of pepper”)
• irekíre (“random kindness”)
• oríire (“luckiness, good luck”)
• ìwúre (“prayer”)

 

Etymology 2

Igi ire

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ī.ɾē/

Noun

ire

1. the tree Funtumia elastica

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ì.ɾē/

Noun

ìre

1. blessings

   Synonyms: àlùbáríkà, báríkà, oore, ìbùkún

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ì.ɾé/

Noun

ìré

1. tail feather

   bákùkọ́ bá ń kọ, jìnnìjìnnnì níí mú ìré ìdí i rẹ̀ ― when a rooster crows, a state of vibration will overwhelm its tail feathers

Related terms

• ìyẹ́ (“feather”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ī.ɾè/

Noun

irè

1. farm produce, harvest

   Synonym: irè oko

Derived terms

• ìkórè (“harvest”)

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ī.ɾé/

Noun

iré

1. play, sport

   Synonyms: eré, aré

   wọ́n ń ṣiré erùpẹ̀ ― They were playing with dirt

Derived terms

• ohun àfiṣiré (“play toy”)
• ṣiré (“to play”)