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量

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
量 U+91CF, 量
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CF
← 野
[U+91CE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 釐 →
[U+91D0]
量 U+F97E, 量
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97E
← 諒
[U+F97D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勵 →
[U+F97F]

Translingual

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Han character

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Stroke order
12 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
12 strokes

量 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日一田土 (AMWG), four-corner 60104, composition ⿱旦里)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1292, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40138
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1794, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3683, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+91CF

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 量
2nd round simp. 𰅊
alternative forms 𣊹
𨤥
𨤦
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 量
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
糧 *raŋ
量 *raŋ, *raŋs

Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) :

  • 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
  • Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
  • Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
  • Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.

Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs) : phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).

Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • nieo2/niu2 - vernacular;
  • lyong2/lyeng2 - literary.
Note:
  • niû/niô͘ - vernacular;
  • liông/liâng - literary.
Note:
  • liang5 - literary;
  • nion5/niên5 - vernacular (niên5 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 量
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 呂章切
Baxter ljang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/liaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		liáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 量
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		liáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]aŋ/
English measure (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 量
Reading # 1/2
No. 8064
Phonetic
component 		量
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*raŋ/
Notes 甲金文下從東，
上日甲文作囗，
象估量下種範圍，
非曏聲

Definitions

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量

  1. to measure
  2. to estimate; to evaluate
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 量 (“to measure”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 度
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 量
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 量
Harbin 量
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 量
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 量
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 量
Wanrong 量
Xi'an 量
Xining 量
Xuzhou 量
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 量
Ürümqi 量
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 量
Guiyang 量
Guilin 量
Liuzhou 量
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 量
Yangzhou 量
Cantonese Hong Kong 度, 量
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 量
Wu Shanghai 量

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • nieo5/niu5 - vernacular;
  • lyong5/lyeng5 - literary.
Note:
  • niū/niō͘ - vernacular;
  • liōng/liāng - literary.
Rime
Character 量
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力讓切
Baxter ljangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/liaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/lĭaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		liàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loeng6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 量
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		liàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]aŋ-s/
English measure (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 量
Reading # 2/2
No. 8065
Phonetic
component 		量
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		亮
Old
Chinese 		/*raŋs/

Definitions

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量

  1. (historical) measuring vessel, such as the dou or hu
  2. measure; measurement; quantity
  3. capacity; volume
  4. (Buddhist logic) pramana
  5. (Southern Min) large steelyard
  6. to estimate; to approximate

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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量

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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From Middle Chinese 量 (MC ljang); compare Mandarin 量 (liáng):

  • Go-on: ろう (rō)←らう (rau, historical)
  • Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)←りやう (ryau, historical)

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC ljangH); compare Mandarin 量 (liàng):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
量
りょう
Grade: 4
kan'on
 量 on Japanese Wikipedia

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC ljangH, “measure”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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量(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. volume, amount
    交通(こうつう)量(りょう)
    kōtsū-ryō
    amount of traffic
    なかなかの量(りょう)
    nakanaka no ryō
    a considerable amount
  2. (Buddhist logic) pramana
    比(ひ)量(りょう)
    hi-ryō
    pramana of Reasoning

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
量
はか
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

Cognate with 計り (hakari).[1]

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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量(はか) • (haka) 

  1. progress

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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量 (eumhun 헤아릴 량 (hearil ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 헤아릴 양 (hearil yang))

  1. hanja form? of [[량/양#Korean:_量|량/양]] (“volume; amount”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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量: Hán Nôm readings: lường, lượng, nhân

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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