血肉

Chinese

		blood	meat; flesh
simp. and trad. (血肉)		血	肉

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xuèròu, xuěròu, xiěròu

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄖㄡˋ, ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hyut³ juk⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiat-lio̍k / hiat-bah / hiat-jio̍k / huih-hiak / huih-bah / hoeh-bah

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuèròu
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄖㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuèròu
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh⁴-jou⁴
    • Yale: sywè-ròu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuehrow
    • Palladius: сюэжоу (sjuežou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuěròu
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuěròu
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh³-jou⁴
    • Yale: sywě-ròu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheuerow
    • Palladius: сюэжоу (sjuežou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; colloquial in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiěròu
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siěròu
    • Wade–Giles: hsieh³-jou⁴
    • Yale: syě-ròu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieerow
    • Palladius: сежоу (sežou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hyut³ juk⁶
    • Yale: hyut yuhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hyt⁸ juk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hüd³ yug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyːt̚³ jʊk̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-lio̍k
    • Tâi-lô: hiat-lio̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiatliok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-bah
    • Tâi-lô: hiat-bah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiatbaq
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-jio̍k
    • Tâi-lô: hiat-jio̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiatjiok
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huih-hiak
    • Tâi-lô: huih-hiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: huihhiag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hui(ʔ)⁵ hiak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huih-bah
    • Tâi-lô: huih-bah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: huihbaq
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ baʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoeh-bah
    • Tâi-lô: hueh-bah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoehbaq
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ baʔ³²/

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• Middle Chinese: xwet nyuwk

Rime
Character	血	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	屑 (88)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	呼決切	如六切
Baxter	xwet	nyuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hwet̚/	/ȵɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷet̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɛt̚/	/ȵʑiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwɛt̚/	/ȵuwk̚/
Li Rong	/xuet̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Wang Li	/xiwet̚/	/ȵʑĭuk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xiwet̚/	/ȵʑi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xue	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hyut3	juk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤik  k.nuk/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷiːɡ  njuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	血	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xuè	ròu
Middle Chinese	‹ xwet ›	‹ nyuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁik/	/*k.nuk/
English	blood	meat, flesh
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	血	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14098	10866
Phonetic component	血	肉
Rime group	質	覺
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	血	肉
Old Chinese	/*qʰʷiːɡ/	/*njuɡ/

Noun

血肉

1. flesh and blood; human body

   • 夫沐者有棄髮，除者傷血肉，為人見其難，因釋其業，是無術之事也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫沐者有弃发，除者伤血肉，为人见其难，因释其业，是无术之事也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE

     Fú mù zhě yǒu qì fà, chú zhě shāng xuèròu, wéirén jiàn qí nán, yīn shì qí yè, shì wúshù zhī shì yě. [Pinyin]

     Indeed, the washer of the head has hair falling out, and the curer of a lesion hurts blood and flesh. Seeing some difficulties and thus abandoning the cause is an act of tactlessness.

   • 而小儒規規焉以君臣之義無所逃於天地之間，至桀紂之暴，猶謂湯武不當誅之，而妄傳伯夷叔齊無稽之事，使兆人萬姓崩潰之血肉曾不異夫腐鼠。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     而小儒规规焉以君臣之义无所逃于天地之间，至桀纣之暴，犹谓汤武不当诛之，而妄传伯夷叔齐无稽之事，使兆人万姓崩溃之血肉曾不异夫腐鼠。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1663, 黄宗羲 (Huang Zongxi),《原君》(On Kingship)

     Ér xiǎo rú guīguī yān yǐ jūnchén zhī yì wú suǒ táo yú tiāndì zhījiān, zhì Jié Zhòu zhī bào, yóu wèi Tāng Wǔ bùdāng zhū zhī, ér wàng chuán Bóyí Shūqí wújī zhī shì, shǐ zhàorén wànxìng bēngkuì zhī xuèròu zēng bù yì fú fǔshǔ. [Pinyin]

     Yet those dogmatic Confucian scholars stubbornly uphold the doctrine that the hierarchical duty between ruler and subject is an immutable cosmic order, to the extent they question the propriety of Tang and Wu's justified overthrow of the tyrants Jie and Zhou, while defaming patriots like Boyi and Shuqi [for refusing to submit to a conqueror]. To them, the mangled flesh and bones of the masses seemed as insignificant as rotting carcasses of rodents.

   • 「七月四日」，這日子代表着一個什麼意義，包含着一種什麼內容，美國人是不會忘記的。對於我們中國人民——一個正在以血肉爭取民族獨立和民主自由的民族——來說，也同樣是值得體驗、值得認識而且學習的。 [MSC, trad.]
     「七月四日」，这日子代表着一个什么意义，包含着一种什么内容，美国人是不会忘记的。对于我们中国人民——一个正在以血肉争取民族独立和民主自由的民族——来说，也同样是值得体验、值得认识而且学习的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1945 July 4, 新華日報 (Xinhua Daily), 《象徵民主自由的日子》(A Day Symbolizing Democracy and Freedom)

     “Qīyuè sìrì”, zhè rìzi dàibiǎo zhe yīge shénme yìyì, bāohán zhe yīzhǒng shénme nèiróng, měiguórén shì bùhuì wàngjì de. Duìyú wǒmen Zhōngguó rénmín — yīge zhèngzài yǐ xuèròu zhēngqǔ mínzú dúlì hé mínzhǔ zìyóu de mínzú — láishuō, yě tóngyàng shì zhídé tǐyàn, zhídé rènshi érqiě xuéxí de. [Pinyin]

     "The Fourth of July," a day whose meaning and content Americans will never forget, is also worth experiencing, understanding, and learning for us Chinese people — a nation struggling for national independence, democracy, and freedom with our flesh and blood.

2. (figuratively) closest relationship

Derived terms

• 血肉之軀 / 血肉之躯 (xuèròuzhīqū)
• 血肉模糊 (xuèròumóhú)
• 血肉橫飛 / 血肉横飞 (xuèròuhéngfēi)
• 血肉相連 / 血肉相连 (xuèròuxiānglián)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
血	肉
けつ Grade: 3	にく Grade: 2
on'yomi

Kanji in this term
血	肉
ち Grade: 3	にく Grade: 2
yutōyomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) けつにく [kètsúníkú] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) けつにく [kètsúꜜnìkù] (Nakadaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ke̞t͡sɨɲ̟ikɯ̟]

• (Tokyo) ちにく [chìníkú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɲ̟ikɯ̟]

Noun

血(けつ)肉(にく) or 血(ち)肉(にく) • (ketsuniku or chiniku) 

1. flesh and blood; human body
   • 西條八十 (lyricist), 「同期の桜」

     血肉(ちにく)分(わ)けたる仲(なか)ではないが

     chiniku waketaru naka de wa nai ga

     (please add an English translation of this example)

Derived terms

• 血(けつ)肉(にく)化(か) (ketsunikuka)

Korean

Hanja in this term
血	肉

Noun

血肉 • (hyeoryuk) (hangeul 혈육)

1. hanja form^? of 혈육 (“flesh and blood”)