自由
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Chinese
[edit]from; self; oneself from; self; oneself; since |
follow; from; it is for...to follow; from; it is for...to; reason; cause; because of; due to; by; to; to leave it (to someone) | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (自由) |
自 | 由 | |
alternative forms | 自繇 |
Etymology
[edit]Attestable from at least the Han dynasty.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zi6 jau4
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): du5 yiu3
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zi6 jau4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): zi3 iou1
- Eastern Min (BUC): cê̤ṳ-iù
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zy-yeu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zìhyóu
- Wade–Giles: tzŭ4-yu2
- Yale: dz̀-yóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhyou
- Palladius: цзыю (czyju)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зыю (zɨi͡u, III-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩⁴⁴ iou²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: zi6 jau4
- Yale: jih yàuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzi6 jau4
- Guangdong Romanization: ji6 yeo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡siː²² jɐu̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: du5 yiu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu³² jiu²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yù
- Hakka Romanization System: cii iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ci4 yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yù
- Hakka Romanization System: cii (r)iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ci4 yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ (j)i̯u¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: cii˖ rhiu
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³³ ʒiu⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: zi3 iou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩⁴⁵ iəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-iù
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ieu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-iû
- Tâi-lô: tsīr-iû
- IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chī-iû
- Tâi-lô: tsī-iû
- Phofsit Daibuun: cixiuu
- IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡si⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ze6 iu5 / zu6 iu5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̆ iû / tsŭ iû
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/, /t͡su³⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/
Note: zu6 iu5 - Chaoyang.
- Middle Chinese: dzijH yuw
Adjective
[edit]自由
- free; unconstrained
- 曰:「凡陽性升,陰性降,升難而降易。善,陽也,惡,陰也,故善難而惡易。縱民之情,使自由之,則降於下者多矣。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xun Yue, Shenjian, late 2nd - early 3rd century CE, translated based on Chen Qiyun's version
- Yuē: “Fán yáng xìng shēng, yīn xìng jiàng, shēng nán ér jiàng yì. Shàn, yáng yě, è, yīn yě, gù shàn nán ér è yì. Zòng mín zhī qíng, shǐ zìyóu zhī, zé jiàng yú xià zhě duō yǐ.” [Pinyin]
- I said: "That which is yang always ascends; that which is yin always descends. Ascent is difficult; descent is easier. Goodness is yang and badness is yin. Therefore, it is difficult to be good and easy to be bad. If people's passions are allowed to be free, there will be more [people] falling into a lower state [of moral consciousness than those rising to a higher one]."
曰:「凡阳性升,阴性降,升难而降易。善,阳也,恶,阴也,故善难而恶易。纵民之情,使自由之,则降于下者多矣。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (attributive) freelance
Noun
[edit]自由
- freedom; liberty
- (philosophy) freedom
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “philosophy: freedom”): 必然 (bìrán)
Derived terms
[edit]- 一二三自由日 (Yī-Èrsān Zìyóu Rì)
- 不自由毋寧死/不自由毋宁死 (bù zìyóu wúnìng sǐ)
- 人身自由 (rénshēn zìyóu)
- 全景自由 (quánjǐng zìyóu)
- 公海自由
- 出版自由
- 四大自由
- 妨害自由
- 妨害自由罪
- 婚姻自由
- 學術自由/学术自由 (xuéshù zìyóu)
- 宗教自由 (zōngjiào zìyóu)
- 居住自由
- 意見自由/意见自由
- 新聞自由/新闻自由 (xīnwén zìyóu)
- 智力活動自由/智力活动自由 (zhìlì huódòng zìyóu)
- 祕密通訊自由/秘密通讯自由
- 結社自由/结社自由 (jiéshè zìyóu)
- 自由世界 (zìyóu shìjiè)
- 自由中國/自由中国 (Zìyóu Zhōngguó)
- 自由主義/自由主义 (zìyóuzhǔyì)
- 自由企業/自由企业 (zìyóu qǐyè)
- 自由價格/自由价格 (zìyóu jiàgé)
- 自由公債/自由公债
- 自由刑 (zìyóuxíng)
- 自由刑 (zìyóuxíng)
- 自由化 (zìyóuhuà)
- 自由城
- 自由基 (zìyóujī)
- 自由報業/自由报业
- 自由女神像 (Zìyóunǚshénxiàng)
- 自由島/自由岛 (Zìyóudǎo)
- 自由市
- 自由市場/自由市场 (zìyóu shìchǎng)
- 自由度 (zìyóudù)
- 自由心證/自由心证 (zìyóu xīnzhèng)
- 自由意志 (zìyóu yìzhì)
- 自由戀愛/自由恋爱
- 自由戰士/自由战士 (zìyóu zhànshì)
- 自由投票 (zìyóu tóupiào)
- 自由放任 (zìyóufàngrèn)
- 自由文化 (zìyóu wénhuà)
- 自由日
- 自由業/自由业
- 自由權/自由权
- 自由民 (zìyóumín)
- 自由泳 (zìyóuyǒng)
- 自由港 (zìyóugǎng)
- 自由王國/自由王国 (zìyóu wángguó)
- 自由球
- 自由畫/自由画
- 自由稅率/自由税率
- 自由競爭/自由竞争 (zìyóu jìngzhēng)
- 自由經濟/自由经济
- 自由職業/自由职业 (zìyóu zhíyè)
- 自由能 (zìyóunéng)
- 自由自在 (zìyóuzìzài)
- 自由航行 (zìyóu hángxíng)
- 自由落體/自由落体 (zìyóuluòtǐ)
- 自由落體運動/自由落体运动 (zìyóu luòtǐ yùndòng)
- 自由行 (zìyóuxíng)
- 自由裁量
- 自由詞組/自由词组
- 自由詩/自由诗 (zìyóushī)
- 自由貿易/自由贸易 (zìyóu màoyì)
- 自由貿易區/自由贸易区 (zìyóu màoyì qū)
- 自由貿易區協定/自由贸易区协定
- 自由貿易港/自由贸易港
- 自由車/自由车 (zìyóuchē)
- 自由軟件/自由软件 (zìyóu ruǎnjiàn)
- 自由軟體/自由软体 (zìyóu ruǎntǐ)
- 自由邦 (zìyóubāng)
- 自由電子/自由电子 (zìyóu diànzǐ)
- 自由體操/自由体操 (zìyóu tǐcāo)
- 自由鬥士/自由斗士 (zìyóu dòushì)
- 自由黨/自由党 (Zìyóudǎng)
- 著作自由
- 言論自由/言论自由 (yánlùnzìyóu)
- 財務自由/财务自由 (cáiwù zìyóu)
- 資訊自由法/资讯自由法
- 通訊自由/通讯自由
- 遷徙自由/迁徙自由
- 間接自由球/间接自由球
- 集會自由/集会自由 (jíhuì zìyóu)
Descendants
[edit]- → Zhuang: swyouz
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
じ Grade: 2 |
ゆう Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]/d͡ʑiːu/ → /d͡ʑijuː/
Apparently first imported from Middle Chinese 自由 (MC dzijH yuw) with an original meaning of roughly “arising from oneself”. Repurposed in the 1860s by Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translation of English freedom or liberty, as an extension of the original meaning: “freedom to act according to one's own thoughts, without restriction”.[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]自由 • (jiyū) ←じいう (ziiu)?-na (adnominal 自由な (jiyū na), adverbial 自由に (jiyū ni))
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of 自由
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 自由だろ | じゆうだろ | jiyū daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
Terminal (終止形) | 自由だ | じゆうだ | jiyū da |
Attributive (連体形) | 自由な | じゆうな | jiyū na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 自由なら | じゆうなら | jiyū nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 自由であれ | じゆうであれ | jiyū de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 自由ではない 自由じゃない |
じゆうではない じゆうじゃない |
jiyū de wa nai jiyū ja nai |
Informal past | 自由だった | じゆうだった | jiyū datta |
Informal negative past | 自由ではなかった 自由じゃなかった |
じゆうではなかった じゆうじゃなかった |
jiyū de wa nakatta jiyū ja nakatta |
Formal | 自由です | じゆうです | jiyū desu |
Formal negative | 自由ではありません 自由じゃありません |
じゆうではありません じゆうじゃありません |
jiyū de wa arimasen jiyū ja arimasen |
Formal past | 自由でした | じゆうでした | jiyū deshita |
Formal negative past | 自由ではありませんでした 自由じゃありませんでした |
じゆうではありませんでした じゆうじゃありませんでした |
jiyū de wa arimasen deshita jiyū ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
Conditional | 自由なら(ば) | じゆうなら(ば) | jiyū nara (ba) |
Provisional | 自由だったら | じゆうだったら | jiyū dattara |
Volitional | 自由だろう | じゆうだろう | jiyū darō |
Adverbial | 自由に | じゆうに | jiyū ni |
Degree | 自由さ | じゆうさ | jiyūsa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 自由なら | じいうなら | ziiunara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 自由に[1] 自由なり[2] |
じいうに じいうなり |
ziiuni ziiunari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 自由なり | じいうなり | ziiunari | |
Attributive (連体形) | 自由なる | じいうなる | ziiunaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 自由なれ | じいうなれ | ziiunare | |
Imperative (命令形) | 自由なれ | じいうなれ | ziiunare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 自由ならず | じいうならず | ziiunarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 自由なれど | じいうなれど | ziiunaredo | |
Causal conjunction | 自由なれば | じいうなれば | ziiunareba | |
Conditional conjunction | 自由ならば | じいうならば | ziiunaraba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 自由なりき | じいうなりき | ziiunariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 自由なりけり | じいうなりけり | ziiunarikeri | |
Adverbial | 自由に | じいうに | ziiuni | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Noun
[edit]- freedom, liberty
- 2002 July 18, “弾圧される民 [Oppressed People]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
- いつの日か自由を手にする事ができると信じて日々の生活に耐えている。
- Itsu no hi ka jiyū o te ni suru koto ga dekiru to shinjite hibi no seikatsu ni taeteiru.
- They endure every day of their lives, but they believe that they will have their freedom one day.
- いつの日か自由を手にする事ができると信じて日々の生活に耐えている。
- 2013 July 10, Revo (lyrics and music), “紅蓮の弓矢 [Crimson Bow and Arrow]”, in 自由への進撃 [March Towards Freedom][1] (CD), performed by Linked Horizon:
- 屍踏み越えて 進む意思を 嗤う豚よ
家畜の安寧 …虚偽の繁栄 …死せる餓狼の『自由』を!- Shikabane fumikoete susumu ishi o warau buta yo
Kachiku no annei …kyogi no han'ei …shiseru garō no “jiyū” o! - You pigs who sneer at our will to step over corpses and march onwards
Enjoy the peace of livestock …false prosperity …the “freedom” of starving wolves!
- Shikabane fumikoete susumu ishi o warau buta yo
- 2016 January 22, “チャンドラの誓い [Oath of Chandra]”, in ゲートウォッチの誓い [Oath of the Gatewatch], Wizards of the Coast:
- それで人々が自由に生きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
- Sore de hitobito ga jiyū ni ikirareru no nara, sō ne, Gētowotchi ni naru wa.
- If it means that people can live in freedom, yeah, I’ll be one of the Gatewatch.
- それで人々が自由に生きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
- (rare) demand (for goods or services)
- (euphemistic) a toilet, a restroom
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ 1866: 西洋事情 (Seiyō Jijō, “Things Western”), Fukuzawa Yukichi, digital version (in Japanese), https://web.archive.org/web/20080613053020/http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3
- ^ 2004: 「明治の日本が作り出した新しい言語」 (Meiji no Nihon ga Tsukuridashita Atarashii Gengo, “The New Language Created by Meiji Japan”), Takeshi Ozeki (in Japanese), http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8702/1/hogaku0030301790.pdf, page 11 of the PDF.
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
- Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
Noun
[edit]Kunigami
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
Grade: 2 | Grade: 3 |
Noun
[edit]自由 (jiyū)
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
じ Grade: 2 |
ゆー Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Japanese 自由 (jiyū).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]自由 or 自由 (jiyū or jiyu)
References
[edit]- “ジユー” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).
Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
Noun
[edit]自由
Zhuang
[edit]Noun
[edit]自由
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