Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Consonant Clusters

Proto-Germanic Consonant Clusters

Proto-Germanic *liquid + velar stop

German lg ~ English llow

Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r.

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Balg	bellow(s)	hide, bellows	bælġ		*balgiz
Felge	fallow	felly, rim	fealh		*felgō
folgen; folgte; (ge)folgt	follow; followed; followed	to follow	folgian		*fulgāną
schwelgen; schwelgte; (ge)schwelgt	swallow; swallowed; swallowed	to indulge (in sth.), to wallow	swelgan	svelga	*swelganą
Talg	tallow	tallow, suet	tælg		*talgaz

German lg ~ English lly

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Balg	belly	hide, bellows	bælġ		*balgiz
Felge	felly	felly, rim			*felgō

German rg ~ English ro, rough, rrow

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
Berg [m]	barrow	mountain	beorg		*bergaz
borgen; borgte; (ge)borgt	borrow; borrowed; borrowed	to borrow, to lend	borġian		*burgōną
Burg [f]	boro/borough	castle, fortification	burh		*burgz
Morgen [m]; morgen	(to)morrow	morning; tomorrow			*murginaz
Sorge [f]	sorrow	worry, concern, sorrow	sorh		*surgō

German rg ~ English ry, rry

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
bergen; barg; (ge)borgen	bury; buried; buried	to recover so./sth., to rescue, to save so./sth.			*berganą
karg	chary	meager, barren, poor	ċeariġ		*karagaz
würgen; würgte; (ge)würgt	worry; worried; worried	to strangle, to gag, to retch	wyrġan		*wurgijaną

German rk ~ English rrow

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
Mark [n]	marrow	marrow	mearh		*mazgą

Proto-Germanic *stop + liquid or nasal

German gel ~ English l

Standard German cognate	Modern German cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Hagel [m]	hail	hail	hæġl		*haglaz
Nagel [m]	nail	nail	næġl		*naglaz
Schnegel [m] (biol.)	snail	slug	snæġl, sneġl		*snagilaz
Segel [n]	sail	sail	seġl, seġel		*seglą
segeln; segelte; (ge)segelt	sail; sailed; sailed	to sail	seġlian		*seglōną, *siglijaną
Vogel [m]	fowl	bird	fugol		*fuglaz

German gen ~ English n

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Regen [m]	rain	rain	reġn, rēn		*regną

German ger ~ English r

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Lager [n]	lair	lair, camp	leġer		*legrą

German ter, tter ~ English ther

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Mutter [f]	mother	mother		móðir	*mōdēr
Vater [m]	father	father		faðir	*fadēr
Wetter [n]	weather	weather			*wedrą

German tr ~ English dr

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
tragen; trug; (ge)tragen	drag; dragged; dragged	to carry, to bear, to wear	dragan	draga	*draganą
tragen; trug; (ge)tragen	draw; drew; drawn	to carry, to bear, to wear	dragan	draga	*draganą
tränken; tränkte; (ge)tränkt	drench; drenched; drenched	to water	drenċan		*drankijaną
Traum [m]	dream	dream	drēam	draumr	*draumaz
traurig	dreary	sad	drēoriġ		*dreuzagaz
trinken; trank; (ge)trunken	drink; drank; drunk	to drink	drincan		*drinkaną
Tropfen [m]	drop	drop	dropa	dropi	*drupô

Proto-Germanic *sibilant + nasal

German schm ~ English sm

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
schmal	small	narrow	smæl	smalr	*smalaz
schmeißen; schmiss; (ge)schmissen	smite; smote; smitten/smited	to throw	smītan		*smītaną
schmerzen; schmerzte; (ge)schmerzt	smart; smarted; smarted	to hurt	smeortan		*smertaną
Schmied [m]	smith	smith	smiþ	smiðr	*smiþaz
Schmiede [f]	smithy	smithy		smiðja	*smiþjǭ
schmieren; schmierte; (ge)schmiert	smear; smeared; smeared	to smear		smyrja	*smirwijaną
schmuggeln; schmuggelte; (ge)schmuggelt	smuggle; smuggled; smuggled	to smuggle	smūgan	smjúga	*smeuganą
Schmutz	smut	filth, dirt, smut
schmutzig	smutty	filthy, dirty, smutty

German schn ~ English sn

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Schnee [m]	snow	snow	snāw	snær	*snaiwaz
Schnegel [m]	snail	slug	sneġl		*snagilaz
Schnur [f]	snare	cord, string		snara	*snarhǭ

Proto-Germanic *gj

German ck ~ English dg

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Brücke [f]	bridge	bridge	bryċġ		*brugjǭ
Ecke [f]	edge	corner, edge	eċġ		*agjō
Hecke [f]	hedge	hedge	heċġ
Mücke [f]	midge	midge, gnat, mosquito
Rücken [m]	ridge	back, ridge	hryċġ		*hrugjaz

Proto-Germanic *ht

German cht ~ English ght

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
acht	eight	eight	æhta		*ahtōu
Bucht [f]	bight	bay, bight, bight			*buhtiz
dicht	tight	dense, tight			*þinhtaz
(Ge)fecht	fight	fight	feoht
fechten, focht, (ge)fochten	fight, fought, fought	to fence, to fight	feohtan		*fehtaną
Flucht [f]	flight	flight	flyht		*fluhtiz
flüchtig	flighty	fleeting, superficial, fleeing
Furcht [f]	fright	fear	fryhtu
(Ge)wicht [n]	weight	weight	wiht		*wihtiz
(Ge)sicht [n]	sight	face			*sihtiz
Knecht [m]	knight	servant	cniht		*knehtaz
leicht	light	easy, light	lēoht, līht		*linhtaz
Licht [n]	light	light	lēoht		*leuhtą
Macht [f]	might	might, power	meaht, miht		*mahtiz
Nacht [f]	night	night	niht		*nahts
nächtlich	nightly	nocturnal, nightly	nihtlīċ
nicht	nought	not	nōwiht
Pflicht [f]	plight	duty	pliht		*plihtiz
Recht [n], recht	right	right	riht		*rehtaz
Schlacht [f]	(on)slaught	killing, battle	sleht
schlecht	slight	bad	sliht		*slihtaz
schlicht	slight	plain, simple	sliht		*slihtaz
Sicht [f]	sight	sight			*sihtiz
Tochter [f]	daughter	daughter	dohtor		*duhtēr

Proto-Germanic *hw

German ∅ ~ English gh /∅/

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
nah	nigh	near	neah		*nēhw

German ch ~ English gh /∅/

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
durch	thorough	through	þuruh		*þurhw
durch	through	through	þurh		*þurhw
nach	nigh	after	nēah		*nēhw
Nachbar [m]	neighbor	neighbor	nēahġebūr		*nēhwagabūrô

German w /v/ ~ English wh /ʍ/

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Wal [m]	whale	whale	hwæl		*hwalaz
wann	when	when
was	what	what	hwæt		*hwat
weder	whether	neither	hwæþer		*hwaþeraz
Wei	whey	whey	hwǣġ, hwæġ, hweġ		Proto-West Germanic *hwai
Weile [f]	while	while	hwīl		*hwīlō
weiß	white	white	hwīt		*hwītaz
Weizen [m]	wheat	wheat	hwǣte		*hwaitijaz
welch-	which	which	hwilc, hwilċ		*hwilīkaz
Welpe [m]	whelp	puppy, cub	hwelp		*hwelpaz
wenn	when	if, when	hwænne
wie	why	how	hwȳ, hwī		*hwī
wo	where	where	hwær		*hwar

Proto-Germanic *lik

German lich ~ English ly

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
gütlich	goodly	friendly	gōdlīċ		*gōdalīkaz
jährlich	yearly	yearly	ġēarlīc
männlich	manly	male, manly, masculine
nächtlich	nightly	nocturnal, nightly	nihtlīċ
täglich	daily	daily	dæġlīċ
tödlich	deadly	deadly	dēadlīċ
weiblich	wifely	female, feminine	wīflīċ

Proto-Germanic *lw

German lb ~ English llow

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
gelb	yellow	yellow	ġeolu		*gelwaz
Schwalbe [f]	swallow (bird)	swallow (bird)	swealwe		*swalwǭ

Proto-Germanic *mb

German mm ~ English mb

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
dumm	dumb	dumb	dumb		*dumbaz
Kamm [m]	comb	comb	camb	kambr	*kambaz
klimmen; klomm; (ge)klommen	climb; clomb/climbed; clumb/climbed	to climb	climban		*klimbaną
Lamm [n]	lamb	lamb	lamb, lomb	lamb	*lambaz

Proto-Germanic *mf

German nf ~ English f, v

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
fünf	five	five	fif		*fimf
sanft	soft	soft	sēfte		*samftijaz

Proto-Germanic *ngij

German ng ~ English nge

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognates	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
sengen, sengte, (ge)sengt	singe, <br?> singed, singed	to singe	senġan		*sangijan
zwingen, zwang, (ge)zwungen	twinge, twinged, twinged	to force			*twangijaną

Proto-Germanic *rs

German rsch ~ English ss

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognates	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
Arsch [m]	ass	arse	ears, ærs	ars	*arsaz
Barsch [m]	bass (fish)	perch	bærs		*barsaz

Proto-Germanic *sk

German sch ~ English sc, sk

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
Schabe	scab	scabies		skabb	*skabbaz
Schade(n) [m]	scathe	damage, harm		skaði	*skaþô
schrappen; schrappte; (ge)schrappt	scrape; scraped; scraped	to scrape		skrapa
Schürze [n]	skirt	apron		skyrta	*skurtijǭ

Proto-Germanic *sl

German schl ~ English sl

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root}
Schlacht [f]	(on)slaught	killing, battle
schlecht	slight	bad	sliht		*slihtaz
Schlehe [f]	sloe	sloe	slāh
Schleim [m]	slime	slime	slīm	slím	*slīmą
schlicht	slight	plain, simple	sliht		*slihtaz
schlummern; schlummerte; (ge)schlummert	slumber; slumbered; slumbered	to slumber, to doze			*slūm-

Proto-Germanic *sw

German schw ~ English sw

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
Schwade	swath	swath; waft	swæþ
Schwalbe [f]	swallow (bird)	swallow (bird)	swealwe		*swalwǭ
Schwan [m]	swan	swan	swan, swon		*swanaz
Schwarm [m]	swarm	swarm	swearm		*swarmaz
schwärmen; schwärmte; (ge)schwärmt	swarm; swarmed; swarmed	to swarm, to adore, to gush
Schwein [n]	swine	swine	swīn		*swīną
Schweiß [m]	sweat	sweat	swāt		*swait-
schwelgen; schwelgte; (ge)schwelgt	swallow; swallowed; swallowed	to indulge (in sth.), to wallow	swelgan		*swelganą
schwellen; schwoll; (ge)schwollen	swell; swelled; swollen/swelled	to swell	swellan		*swellaną
Schwert [n]	sword	sword	sweord		*swerdą
schwimmen; schwamm; (ge)schwommen	swim; swam; swum	to swim	swimman		*swimmaną
schwören; schwor; (ge)schworen	swear; swore; sworn	to swear by/on so./sth. (NOT: to curse)	swerian		*swarjaną

Proto-Germanic *wr

German r ~ English wr

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old Norse cognate	Proto-Germanic root
rächen; rächte; (ge)rächt	wreak; wrought/wreaked; wrought/wreaked	to avenge, to take revenge	wrecan		*wrekaną
Recke [m] (in legends) [m]	wretch	valiant	wræċċa, wreċċa		*wrakjô
reißen; riss; (ge)rissen	write; wrote; written	to tip, to tear	wrītan		*wrītaną
ringen; rang; (ge)rungen	wring; wrang/wrung/wringed; wrung/wringed	to wrestle	wringan		*wringaną
Rist [m] (physiol., otherwise rare)	wrist	back of the hand, instep, withers	wrist		*wristuz
ritzen; ritzte; (ge)ritzt	write; wrote; written	to carve, to scratch	wrītan		*wrītaną