Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound loudly, swear”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈswɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swarjaną

to swear (an oath)

Inflection

Conjugation of *swarjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*swarjō	*swarjaų	—	*swarjai	?
2nd singular	*swarisi	*swarjais	*swari	*swarjasai	*swarjaisau
3rd singular	*swariþi	*swarjai	*swarjaþau	*swarjaþai	*swarjaiþau
1st dual	*swarjōs	*swarjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swarjaþiz	*swarjaiþiz	*swarjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*swarjamaz	*swarjaim	—	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau
2nd plural	*swariþ	*swarjaiþ	*swariþ	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau
3rd plural	*swarjanþi	*swarjain	*swarjanþau	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swōr	*swōrį̄
2nd singular	*swōrt	*swōrīz
3rd singular	*swōr	*swōrī
1st dual	*swōrū	*swōrīw
2nd dual	*swōrudiz	*swōrīdiz
1st plural	*swōrum	*swōrīm
2nd plural	*swōrud	*swōrīd
3rd plural	*swōrun	*swōrīn

	present	past
participles	*swarjandz	*swuranaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *swarjan
- Old English: swerian, swarian
  - Middle English: swerien, sweren
    - English: swear
    - Scots: swer, swere, sweir
- Old Frisian: swera, swara
  - Saterland Frisian: swere
  - West Frisian: swarre
- Old Saxon: swerian
  - Middle Low German: sweren
    - Low German: swören, sweren
- Old Dutch: sweren, *swerien
  - Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
    - Dutch: zweren
      - Afrikaans: sweer
      - Negerhollands: sweer
    - Limburgish: zwaere
- Old High German: sweren, swerien, swerren
  - Middle High German: swern
    - Alemannic German: schwere
    - German: schwören
    - Luxembourgish: schwieren
Old Norse: sverja
- Icelandic: sverja
- Faroese: svørja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sverja
- Elfdalian: swera
- Old Swedish: sværia
  - Swedish: svära, svärja, ſwaͤrja
- Scanian: sværa
- Old Danish: swæriæ, swæræ
  - Danish: sværge
    - Norwegian Bokmål: sverge
- Gutnish: sväre
Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*swar(j)an-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*swar(j)an-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

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