Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound loudly, swear”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swarjaną

1. to swear (an oath)

Inflection

Conjugation of *swarjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swarjō	*swarjaų	—	*swarjai	?
2nd singular	*swarisi	*swarjais	*swari	*swarjasai	*swarjaisau
3rd singular	*swariþi	*swarjai	*swarjaþau	*swarjaþai	*swarjaiþau
1st dual	*swarjōs	*swarjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swarjaþiz	*swarjaiþiz	*swarjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*swarjamaz	*swarjaim	—	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau
2nd plural	*swariþ	*swarjaiþ	*swariþ	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau
3rd plural	*swarjanþi	*swarjain	*swarjanþau	*swarjanþai	*swarjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swōr	*swōrį̄
2nd singular	*swōrt	*swōrīz
3rd singular	*swōr	*swōrī
1st dual	*swōrū	*swōrīw
2nd dual	*swōrudiz	*swōrīdiz
1st plural	*swōrum	*swōrīm
2nd plural	*swōrud	*swōrīd
3rd plural	*swōrun	*swōrīn
	present	past
participles	*swarjandz	*swuranaz

Derived terms

• *andaswarjaną
• *swardiz
• *swarō
• *swarōną
• *swarô
• *swōraz
• *swōriją
• *swōrijaną
• *swōriz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swarjan
  • Old English: swerian, swarian
    • Middle English: swerien, sweren
      • English: swear
      • Scots: swer, swere, sweir
  • Old Frisian: swera, swara
    • Saterland Frisian: swere
    • West Frisian: swarre
  • Old Saxon: swerian
    • Middle Low German: sweren
      • Low German: swören, sweren
  • Old Dutch: sweren, *swerien
    • Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
      • Dutch: zweren
        • Afrikaans: sweer
        • Negerhollands: sweer
      • Limburgish: zwaere
  • Old High German: sweren, swerien, swerren
    • Middle High German: swern
      • Alemannic German: schwere
      • German: schwören
      • Luxembourgish: schwieren
• Old Norse: sverja
  • Icelandic: sverja
  • Faroese: svørja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sverja
  • Elfdalian: swera
  • Old Swedish: sværia
    • Swedish: svära, svärja, ſwaͤrja
  • Scanian: sværa
  • Old Danish: swæriæ, swæræ
    • Danish: sværge
      • Norwegian Bokmål: sverge
  • Gutnish: sväre
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)