Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swer-^[1]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (ache) (4 c, 0 e)

*swer- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)
*swer-wos
- Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
    - Old Breton: hueru
      - Breton: c'hwerv
    - Cornish: hwerow
    - Middle Welsh: chwerw
      - Welsh: chwerw
  - Old Irish: serb
    - Irish: searbh
    - Scottish Gaelic: searbh
    - Manx: sharroo
*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-
- Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)
*swer-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *swerô
  - Old High German: swero
    - German: Schwäre
*swór-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, sore”)
    - Ossetian: [script needed] (xwærun, “to itch, scratch”)
    - Kurdish: xurîn (“to itch, scratch”)

Root

*swer-^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to resound; ringing, whistling
to speak loudly, to proclaim

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (swear) (6 c, 0 e)

*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati
    - Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)
*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)
*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)
*swor-éye- (causative)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)
*swor-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)
*swor-ós
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)
*swr̥-yé-ti (zero-grade thematic *-yé- present)^[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *swaryeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd
    - Middle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)
      - Breton: c’hoarzhin
    - Old Cornish: hwerthin
      - Middle Cornish: wharth (3sg. pres.)
    - Old Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)
      - Middle Welsh: chwerthin
        Welsh: chwerthin
Unsorted formations:
- Italic:
  - Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)
  - Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)
  - Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “page499”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*su̯er- 'tönen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 613
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. su̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1049
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “susurrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 602
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hu̯ar²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “page499”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*su̯er- 'tönen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 613

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. su̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1049

[4] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zweren”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “susurrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 602

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hu̯ar²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]