Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swerwos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“ache”).

Adjective

*swerwos

1. bitter

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwos	*swerwou	*swerwoi
vocative	*swerwe	*swerwou	*swerwoi
accusative	*swerwom	*swerwou	*swerwoms
genitive	*swerwī	*swerwous	*swerwom
dative	*swerwūi	*swerwobom	*swerwobos
instrumental	*swerwū	*swerwobim	*swerwobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwā	*swerwai	*swerwās
vocative	*swerwā	*swerwai	*swerwās
accusative	*swerwam	*swerwai	*swerwams
genitive	*swerwās	*swerwous	*swerwom
dative	*swerwai	*swerwābom	*swerwābos
instrumental	*?	*swerwābim	*swerwābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwom	*swerwou	*swerwā
vocative	*swerwom	*swerwou	*swerwā
accusative	*swerwom	*swerwou	*swerwā
genitive	*swerwī	*swerwous	*swerwom
dative	*swerwūi	*swerwobom	*swerwobos
instrumental	*swerwū	*swerwobim	*swerwobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwyūs	*?	*swerwyoses
vocative	*swerwyūs	*?	*swerwyoses
accusative	*swerwyosam	*?	*swerwyosams
genitive	*swerwisos	*?	*swerwisom
dative	*swerwisei	*?	*swerwisbos
instrumental	*swerwisī	*?	*swerwisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwyūs	*?	*swerwyoses
vocative	*swerwyūs	*?	*swerwyoses
accusative	*swerwyosam	*?	*swerwyosams
genitive	*swerwisos	*?	*swerwisom
dative	*swerwisei	*?	*swerwisbos
instrumental	*swerwisī	*?	*swerwisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swerwis	*?	*?
vocative	*swerwis	*?	*?
accusative	*swerwis	*?	*?
genitive	*swerwisos	*?	*swerwisom
dative	*swerwisei	*?	*swerwisbos
instrumental	*swerwisī	*?	*swerwisbis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
  • Old Breton: hueru
    • Breton: c'hwerv
  • Cornish: hwerow
  • Middle Welsh: chwerw
    • Welsh: chwerw
• Old Irish: serb
  • Irish: searbh
  • Scottish Gaelic: searbh
  • Manx: sharroo

References

• Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović's Etymological Dictionary of. Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)
• University of Wales Proto-Celtic Wordlist