Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smertaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to sting, bite”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsmer.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*smertaną

1. to hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of *smertaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*smertō	*smertaų	—	*smertai	?
2nd singular	*smirtizi	*smertaiz	*smert	*smertazai	*smertaizau
3rd singular	*smirtidi	*smertai	*smertadau	*smertadai	*smertaidau
1st dual	*smertōz	*smertaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*smertadiz	*smertaidiz	*smertadiz	—	—
1st plural	*smertamaz	*smertaim	—	*smertandai	*smertaindau
2nd plural	*smirtid	*smertaid	*smirtid	*smertandai	*smertaindau
3rd plural	*smertandi	*smertain	*smertandau	*smertandai	*smertaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*smart	*smurtį̄
2nd singular	*smarst	*smurtīz
3rd singular	*smart	*smurtī
1st dual	*smurtū	*smurtīw
2nd dual	*smurtudiz	*smurtīdiz
1st plural	*smurtum	*smurtīm
2nd plural	*smurtud	*smurtīd
3rd plural	*smurtun	*smurtīn
	present	past
participles	*smertandz	*smurtanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *smertan
  • Old English: *smeortan
    • Middle English: smerten, smeorten, smearten, smarten
      • English: smart
      • Scots: smert, smairt
  • Old Frisian: *smerta
    • Saterland Frisian: smeete, smäite
    • West Frisian: smerte
  • Old Saxon: *smertan
    • Middle Low German: smerten, smarten
      • German Low German: smarten
      • Low German: smerten
      • → Danish: smerte
      • → Swedish: smärta
      • → Norwegian: smerte
  • Old Dutch: *smertan
    • Middle Dutch: smerten, smarten
      • Dutch: smarten
        • Afrikaans: smart
  • Old High German: smerzan
    • Middle High German: schmerzen
      • German: schmerzen