Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haglaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be:

• From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-).
• Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.

Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑɣ.laz/

Noun

*haglaz m

1. hail (the precipitation)
2. (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚺ,ᚻ (h)

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *haglaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haglaz	*haglōz, *haglōs
vocative	*hagl	*haglōz, *haglōs
accusative	*haglą	*haglanz
genitive	*haglas, *haglis	*haglǫ̂
dative	*haglai	*haglamaz
instrumental	*haglō	*haglamiz

Related terms

• *haglą

Derived terms

• *haglastainaz (“hailstone”)
• *haglōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hagl
  • Old English: hæġl, hæġel, hagal, hagol
    • Middle English: hayle, hail, hayl, haile, haiel, ail, hale, haul, hawle, hawel (< Old English hagol), hagol, haȝel, haȝol, hahȝel, haghil (chiefly early)
      • English: hail
      • Scots: hail
  • Old Frisian: heil
  • North Frisian:

    Sylt: Hail

    • Saterland Frisian: Hail
    • West Frisian: heil
  • Old Saxon: hagal
    • Middle Low German: hagel
      • German Low German: Hagel
      • Plautdietsch: Hoagel
  • Old Dutch: *hagal
    • Middle Dutch: hagel
      • Dutch: hagel
        • Afrikaans: hael
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
        • Negerhollands: hagel
        • → Papiamentu: hagel
        • → Sranan Tongo: agra
          • → Caribbean Javanese: agrah
          • → Saramaccan: hága, ága
      • Limburgish: hagel, haachel
  • Old High German: hagal
    • Middle High German: hagel
      • German: Hagel
      • Luxembourgish: Hol (obsolete)
      • Yiddish: האָגל (hogl)
• → English: haglaz (learned)