Appendix:Malay Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Malay, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Malay
بهاس ملايو
Rumi
1 I اکو
کو
ساي
سهاي
همبا
بيتا (royal term)
aku
ku
saya
sahaya
hamba
beta (royal term)
2 you (singular) اڠکاو
کامو
اوق
اندا
اءودا (Brunei)
ديکاو (poetic)
ساودارا m / ساوداري f
engkau
kamu
awak
anda
awda (Brunei)
dikau (poetic)
saudara m / saudari f
3 he دي / اي
dia / ia
nya
4 we کيت (inclusive)
کامي (exclusive)
kita (inclusive)
kami (exclusive)
5 you (plural) کامو
کاليان
بيسکيت (Brunei)
اڠکاو
اندا
ساودارا-ساوداري n / ساودارا m / ساوداري f
kamu
kalian
biskita (Brunei)
engkau
anda
saudara-saudari n / saudara m / saudari f
6 they مريک
دي اورڠ (informal)
mereka
dia orang (informal)
7 this اين ini
8 that ايت itu
9 here سيني sini
10 there سيتو
سان
situ
sana
11 who سياڤا siapa
12 what اڤ apa
13 where مان mana
14 when بيلا
اڤابيلا
کاڤن
bila
apabila
kapan
15 how باݢايمان
ماچم مان
bagaimana
macam mana
16 not تيدق
بوکن
tidak
bukan
17 all سموا
سݢالا
semua
segala
18 many باڽق banyak
19 some ببراڤ beberapa
20 few سديکيت sedikit
21 other لاءين lain
22 one ساتو
اسا
satu
esa
23 two دوا dua
24 three تيݢ
تلو
tiga
telu
25 four امڤت empat
26 five ليم lima
27 big بسر
راي
besar
raya
28 long ڤنجڠ panjang
29 wide ليبر lebar
30 thick تبل tebal
31 heavy برت berat
32 small کچيل kecil
33 short ڤينديق pendek
34 narrow سمڤيت sempit
35 thin نيڤيس / تيڤيس nipis / tipis
36 woman ڤرمڤوان perempuan
37 man (adult male) للاکي
لاکي٢
lelaki
laki-laki
38 man (human being) اورڠ orang
39 child انق (offspring)
کانق٢ (sub-adult)
anak (offspring)
kanak-kanak (sub-adult)
40 wife ايستري isteri
41 husband سوامي suami
42 mother ايبو
ايبوندا (formal)
اهق
ايندوک
اينا
ibu
ibunda (formal)
emak
induk
ina
43 father باڤ
ايهندا (formal)
ايه
راما
bapa
ayahanda (formal)
ayah
rama
44 animal بيناتڠ
حيوان
binatang
haiwan
45 fish ايکن ikan
46 bird بوروڠ burung
47 dog انجيڠ
اسو
کويوق
anjing
asu
kuyuk
48 louse کوتو kutu
49 snake اولر ular
50 worm چاچيڠ cacing
51 tree ڤوکوق
ڤوهون
pokok
pohon
52 forest هوتن
ريمبا
hutan
rimba
53 stick باتڠ batang
54 fruit بواه buah
55 seed بنيه
بيجي
benih
biji
56 leaf داءون daun
57 root اکر akar
58 bark (of a tree) کوليت کايو kulit kayu
59 flower بوڠا bunga
60 grass رومڤوت rumput
61 rope تالي tali
62 skin کوليت kulit
63 meat داݢيڠ daging
64 blood داره darah
65 bone تولڠ tulang
66 fat (noun) لمق lemak
67 egg تلور telur
68 horn تندوق tanduk
69 tail ايکور ekor
70 feather بولو bulu
71 hair رامبوت (head-hair)
بولو (body-hair)
rambut (head-hair)
bulu (body-hair)
72 head کڤالا
هولو
kepala
hulu
73 ear تليڠا telinga
74 eye مات mata
75 nose هيدوڠ hidung
76 mouth مولوت mulut
77 tooth ݢيݢي gigi
78 tongue (organ) ليده lidah
79 fingernail کوکو kuku
80 foot کاکي kaki
81 leg کاکي kaki
82 knee لوتوت
توهوت (Brunei)
lutut
tuhut (Brunei)
83 hand تاڠن tangan
84 wing سايڤ
کڤق
sayap
kepak
85 belly ڤروت perut
86 guts اوسوس usus
87 neck ليهير leher
88 back ڤوڠݢوڠ
بلاکڠ
punggung
belakang
89 breast ڤايودارا
تيتيق
payudara
titik
90 heart جنتوڠ jantung
91 liver هاتي hati
92 to drink مينوم minum
93 to eat ماکن makan
94 to bite ݢيݢيت gigit
95 to suck هيسڤ hisap
96 to spit لوده ludah
97 to vomit مونته muntah
98 to blow تيوڤ / منيوڤ tiup / meniup
99 to breathe نافس
هيروڤ
nafas
hirup
100 to laugh کتاوا ketawa
101 to see ليهت
تيڠوق
lihat
tengok
102 to hear دڠر dengar
103 to know تاهو tahu
104 to think فيکير fikir
105 to smell باو
چيوم
هيدو
bau
cium
hidu
106 to fear تاکوت takut
107 to sleep تيدور tidur
108 to live هيدوڤ hidup
109 to die ماتي
منيڠݢل (دنيا) (euphemism "pass away")
مڠکت (royal term)
mati
meninggal (dunia) (euphemism "pass away")
mangkat (royal term)
110 to kill بونوه bunuh
111 to fight لاون lawan
112 to hunt بورو buru
113 to hit ڤوکول pukul
114 to cut ڤوتوڠ potong
115 to split بله belah
116 to stab تيکم tikam
117 to scratch ݢارو garu
118 to dig ݢالي
کوريق
gali
korek
119 to swim رنڠ renang
120 to fly تربڠ terbang
121 to walk جالن jalan
122 to come داتڠ datang
123 to lie (as in a bed) باريڠ baring
124 to sit دودوق duduk
125 to stand ديري diri
126 to turn (intransitive) بيلوق
ڤوسيڠ
ڤوتر
belok
pusing
putar
127 to fall جاتوه jatuh
128 to give بري
باݢي
beri
bagi
129 to hold ڤݢڠ pegang
130 to squeeze ڤره perah
131 to rub ݢوسوق gosok
132 to wash چوچي cuci
133 to wipe لڤ lap
134 to pull تاريق tarik
135 to push تولق tolak
136 to throw باليڠ
چمڤق
ليمڤر
لونتر
baling
campak
lempar
lontar
137 to tie ايکت ikat
138 to sew جاهيت jahit
139 to count کيرا
هيتوڠ
بيلڠ
kira
hitung
bilang
140 to say کات
چاکڤ
اوچڤ
توتور
kata
cakap
ucap
tutur
141 to sing ڽاڽي nyanyi
142 to play ماءين main
143 to float اڤوڠ apung
144 to flow الور / الير / سالور / سالير alur / alir / salur / salir
145 to freeze بکو beku
146 to swell بڠکق bengkak
147 sun ماتاهاري matahari
148 moon بولن
چندرا
bulan
cendera
149 star بينتڠ bintang
150 water اءير air
151 rain هوجن hujan
152 river سوڠاي
باتڠ
sungai
batang
153 lake تاسيق
داناو
tasik
danau
154 sea لاءوت laut
155 salt ݢارم garam
156 stone باتو batu
157 sand ڤاسير pasir
158 dust هابوق
دبو
habuk
debu
159 earth تانه (soil)
بومي (world)
tanah (soil)
bumi (world)
160 cloud اون awan
161 fog کابوس kabus
162 sky لاڠيت langit
163 wind اڠين angin
164 snow ثلجي salji
thalji
165 ice اءير باتو
اءير بکو
اءيس
air batu
air beku
ais
166 smoke اسڤ asap
167 fire اڤي api
168 ash ابو abu
169 to burn باکر bakar
170 road بالن jalan
171 mountain ݢونوڠ gunung
172 red ميره merah
173 green هيجاو hijau
174 yellow کونيڠ kuning
175 white ڤوتيه putih
176 black هيتم hitam
177 night مالم malam
178 day سياڠ (daytime)
هاري (24 hours)
siang (daytime)
hari (24 hours)
179 year تاهون tahun
180 warm ڤانس
هاڠت
panas
hangat
181 cold سجوق sejuk
182 full ڤنوه penuh
183 new بهارو baharu
184 old لاما
توا (life-age)
lama
tua (life-age)
185 good باءيق
باݢوس
baik
bagus
186 bad بوروق
تروق
buruk
teruk
187 rotten بوسوق busuk
188 dirty کوتور
کوموه
kotor
kumuh
189 straight لوروس lurus
190 round بولت bulat
191 sharp (as a knife) تاجم tajam
192 dull (as a knife) تومڤول tumpul
193 smooth ليچين licin
194 wet باسه basah
195 dry کريڠ kering
196 correct بتول betul
197 near دکت
همڤير
dekat
hampir
198 far جاءوه jauh
199 right کانن kanan
200 left کيري kiri
201 at د di
202 in ددالم (inside)
ڤد (only abstractly or figuratively "in")
di dalam (inside)
pada (only abstractly or figuratively "in")
203 with دڠن
سرتا (accompanying)
dengan
serta (accompanying)
204 and دان
سرتا
dan
serta
205 if کالاو / جکالاو / جک kalau / jikalau / jika
206 because کران
سبب / اوليه سبب
kerana
sebab / oleh sebab
207 name نام
ݢلارن (title)
nama
gelaran (title)

See also

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Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)