Appendix:Navajo Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Navajo, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Navajo
Diné bizaad
IPA
pronunciation
1 I shí
2 you (singular) ni
3 he
4 we nihí (du.), danihí (pl.)
5 you (plural) nihí (du.), danihí (pl.)
6 they (du.), daabí (pl.)
7 this díí
8 that éí
9 here kwii, kweʼé, kǫ́ǫ́
10 there aadi
11 who
12 what daa
13 where háadi
14 when hádą́ą́ʼ (past), hahgo (referring to the future), h (in the future)
15 how daa
16 not dooda
17 all tʼáá ałtso, tʼáá átʼé
18 many ląʼí, łą́, łání
19 some
20 few
21 other ałʼąą
22 one tʼááłáʼí
23 two naaki
24 three tááʼ
25 four dį́į́
26 five ashdlaʼ
27 big tsoh
28 long
29 wide hóteel
30 thick
31 heavy nidaaz (it is heavy)
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman asdzání (young), asdzą́ą́ (old), asdzáán (elderly)
37 man (male) hastiin
38 man (human) diné
39 child awééʼ, áłchíní (pl.)
40 wife hweʼesdzáán (3a. possessive)
41 husband hahastiin (3a. possessive)
42 mother amá
43 father azhéʼé, ataaʼ
44 animal naaldlooshii
45 fish łóóʼ
46 bird tsídii
47 dog łééchąąʼí
48 louse yaaʼ
49 snake tłʼiish, naʼashǫ́ʼii
50 worm chʼosh
51 tree tsin ííʼáii, tsin ííʼáhígíí
52 forest tsintah
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf atʼąąʼ
57 root akétłʼóól
58 bark (of a tree) aháshtʼóózh, azhííh
59 flower chʼil bílátah hózhóón, chʼilátah baa hózhónii
60 grass tłʼoh
61 rope tłʼóół
62 skin
63 meat atsįʼ
64 blood dił
65 bone tsʼin
66 fat (noun) akʼah
67 egg ayęęzhii
68 horn adeeʼ
69 tail atseeʼ
70 feather atʼaʼ
71 hair
72 head bitsiiʼ, atsiiʼ, atsiitsʼiin
73 ear ajaaʼ
74 eye anááʼ
75 nose áchį́į́h
76 mouth azééʼ
77 tooth awooʼ
78 tongue atsooʼ
79 fingernail áláshgaan
80 foot akeeʼ
81 leg ajáád
82 knee agod
83 hand álaʼ
84 wing atʼaʼ
85 belly
86 guts atsą́ siláí
87 neck akʼos
88 back bíígháán (3.), hwííshgháán, anághah
89 breast
90 heart ajéídíshjool
91 liver bizid, azid
92 to drink
93 to eat ayą́
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see yooʼį́
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell yishchin
106 to fear
107 to sleep ałhosh
108 to live hiná
109 to die daatsaah (often too harsh), yę́ę ádin (polite)
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim naʼałkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
120 to fly bił yitʼah
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie (as in a bed) sitą́
124 to sit sédá
125 to stand sézį́
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall yitłish
128 to give yíʼááh (a single roundish bulky object), yíjááh (a large number of small objects), yíyeeh (a burden, pack, or load), yíłjooł (noncompact matter), yíkaah (matter in an open container), yílé (a single slender flexible object), yínííł (several objects),, yíłteeh (a single animate object), yítįįh (a single slender stiff object), yítłeeh (mushy matter), yíłtsóós (a single flat flexible object)
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count ííníshtaʼ
140 to say
141 to sing hataał
142 to play naashné
143 to float
144 to flow nílį́
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun shá, jóhonaaʼéí
148 moon ooljééʼ
149 star sǫʼ
150 water
151 rain níłtsą́
152 river tooh nílíní, tooh
153 lake tooh, beʼekʼid
154 sea tónteel
155 salt áshįįh
156 stone
157 sand séí
158 dust łeezh
159 earth łeezh, niʼ
160 cloud kʼos
161 fog áhí
162 sky
163 wind níłchʼi, níyol
164 snow zas
165 ice
166 smoke łid
167 fire kǫʼ
168 ash łeeshchʼih
169 to burn
170 road
171 mountain dził
172 red łichííʼ
173 green dinootłʼizh
174 yellow łitso
175 white łigai
176 black łizhin
177 night tłʼééʼ
178 day jį́
179 year nááhai, yihah
180 warm
181 cold hakʼaz (of a place), sikʼaz (to the touch)
182 full hadéébįįd
183 new ániid, ániidí
184 old sání
185 good yáʼátʼééh
186 bad doo yáʼátʼéeh da
187 rotten dláád
188 dirty niłhin, chin bąąh
189 straight kʼézdon
190 round názbąs
191 sharp (as a knife) deení
192 dull (as a knife) doo deení da
193 smooth dilkǫǫh
194 wet ditłééʼ
195 dry yíłtseii
196 correct
197 near áhání
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at -di, -gi
202 in biiʼ
203 with
204 and dóó
205 if ládą́ą́ʼ
206 because háálá
207 name yízhí

See also

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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