Appendix:Bokmål Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Norwegian Bokmål, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Norwegian Bokmål
bokmål
1 I jeg
2 you (singular) du
3 he, she, it han
4 we vi
5 you (plural) dere
6 they de
7 this denne, dette
8 that den, det
9 here her
10 there der
11 who hvem
12 what hva
13 where hvor
14 when når
15 how hvordan
16 not ikke
17 all all, alt, alle
18 many mange
19 some noe
20 few lite,
21 other annen
22 one en, ett
23 two to
24 three tre
25 four fire
26 five fem
27 big stor
28 long lang
29 wide bred, vid
30 thick tykk
31 heavy tung
32 small liten, små
33 short kort
34 narrow trang, smal
35 thin tynn
36 woman kvinne
37 man (adult male) mann
38 man (human being) menneske
39 child barn
40 wife hustru
41 husband mann, ektemann
42 mother mor
43 father far
44 animal dyr
45 fish fisk
46 bird fugl
47 dog hund
48 louse lus
49 snake slange
50 worm mark, orm
51 tree tre
52 forest skog
53 stick stokk
54 fruit frukt
55 seed frø
56 leaf blad
57 root rot
58 bark (of a tree) bark
59 flower blomst
60 grass gress
61 rope tau
62 skin hud
63 meat kjøtt
64 blood blod
65 bone ben
66 fat (noun) fett
67 egg egg
68 horn horn
69 tail hale
70 feather fjær
71 hair hår
72 head hode
73 ear øre
74 eye øye
75 nose nese
76 mouth munn
77 tooth tann
78 tongue (organ) tunge
79 fingernail negl
80 foot fot
81 leg ben
82 knee kne
83 hand hånd
84 wing vinge
85 belly mage
86 guts involler, tarmer
87 neck hals
88 back rygg
89 breast bryst
90 heart hjerte
91 liver lever
92 to drink drikke
93 to eat spise
94 to bite bite
95 to suck suge
96 to spit spytte
97 to vomit kaste opp, spy
98 to blow blåse
99 to breathe puste
100 to laugh le
101 to see se
102 to hear høre
103 to know vite
104 to think tenke
105 to smell lukte
106 to fear frykte
107 to sleep sove
108 to live leve
109 to die
110 to kill drepe
111 to fight slåss
112 to hunt jage
113 to hit slå
114 to cut skjære
115 to split kløve, splitte opp
116 to stab stikke
117 to scratch skrape
118 to dig grave
119 to swim svømme
120 to fly fly
121 to walk
122 to come komme
123 to lie (as in a bed) legge, ligge
124 to sit sette, sitte
125 to stand stå opp, stå
126 to turn (intransitive) svinge, snu
127 to fall falle
128 to give gi
129 to hold holde
130 to squeeze klemme
131 to rub gni
132 to wash vaske
133 to wipe tørke
134 to pull dra
135 to push skyve
136 to throw kaste
137 to tie binde
138 to sew sy
139 to count telle
140 to say si
141 to sing synge
142 to play leke
143 to float flyte
144 to flow renne
145 to freeze fryse
146 to swell svulme opp
147 sun sol
148 moon måne
149 star stjerne
150 water vann
151 rain regn
152 river elv
153 lake innsjø
154 sea sjø, hav
155 salt salt
156 stone stein
157 sand sand
158 dust støv
159 earth jord
160 cloud sky
161 fog tåke
162 sky himmel
163 wind vind
164 snow snø
165 ice is
166 smoke røyk
167 fire ild
168 ash aske
169 to burn brenne
170 road vei
171 mountain fjell
172 red rød
173 green grønn
174 yellow gul
175 white hvit
176 black sort
177 night natt
178 day dag
179 year år
180 warm varm
181 cold kald
182 full full
183 new ny
184 old gammel
185 good god, bra
186 bad dårlig
187 rotten råtten
188 dirty skitten
189 straight rett
190 round rund
191 sharp (as a knife) skarp
192 dull (as a knife) sløv
193 smooth glatt
194 wet våt
195 dry tørr
196 correct rett, riktig
197 near nær
198 far langt borte, fjernt
199 right høyre
200 left venstre
201 at i, , ved
202 in i
203 with med
204 and og
205 if hvis, om
206 because fordi
207 name navn

This Swadesh list was copied from the French Bokmål Swadesh list.

See also

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)