Appendix:German Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in German, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishGerman
Deutsch
edit (207)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)ich/ɪç/
2you (2sg)du, Sie/duː/, /ziː/
3he, she, it (3sg)er, sie, es/eːɐ̯/, /ziː/, /ɛs/
4we (1pl)wir/viːɐ̯/
5you (2pl)ihr, Sie/iːɐ̯/, /ziː/
6they (3pl)sie/ziː/
7thisdieser, diese, dieses, dies/ˈdiːzɐ/, /ˈdiːzə/, /ˈdiːzəs/, /diːs/
8thatder, die, das, jener, jene, jenes/deːɐ̯/, /diː/, /das/, /ˈjeːnɐ/, /ˈjeːnə/, /ˈjeːnəs/
9herehier/hiːɐ̯/
10thereda, dort/daː/, /dɔʁt/
11whower/veːɐ̯/
12whatwas/vas/
13wherewo/voː/
14whenwann/van/
15howwie/viː/
16notnicht/nɪçt/
17allalle/ˈalə/
18manyviele/ˈfiːlə/
19someeinige, manche/ˈaɪ̯nɪɡə/, /mançə/
20fewwenig/ˈveːnɪç/
21otheranderer/ˈand(ə)ʁɐ/
22oneeins/aɪ̯ns/
23twozwei, zwo/tsvaɪ̯/, /t͡svoː/
24threedrei/dʁaɪ̯/
25fourvier/fiːɐ̯/
26fivefünf/fʏnf/
27biggroß/ɡʁoːs/
28longlang/laŋ/
29widebreit, weit/bʁaɪ̯t/, /vaɪ̯t/
30thickdick/dɪk/
31heavyschwer/ʃveːɐ̯/
32smallklein/klaɪ̯n/
33shortkurz/kʊʁts/
34narroweng, schmal/ɛŋ/, /ʃmaːl/
35thindünn/dʏn/
36womanFrau, Weib/fʁaʊ̯/, /vaɪ̯p/
37man (adult male)Mann/man/
38man (human being)Mensch/mɛnʃ/
39childKind/kɪnt/
40wifeFrau, Ehefrau/fʁaʊ̯/, /ˈeːəfʁaʊ̯/
41husbandMann, Ehemann/man/, /ˈeːəman/
42motherMutter/ˈmʊtɐ/
43fatherVater/ˈfaːtɐ/
44animalTier/tiːɐ̯/
45fishFisch/fɪʃ/
46birdVogel/ˈfoːɡəl/
47dogHund/hʊnt/
48louseLaus/laʊ̯s/
49snakeSchlange/ˈʃlaŋə/
50wormWurm/vʊʁm/
51treeBaum/baʊ̯m/
52forestForst, Wald/fɔɐ̯st/, /valt/
53stickStock/ʃtɔk/
54fruitFrucht, Obst/fʁʊxt/, /oːpst/
55seedSamen, Saat/ˈzaːmən/, /zaːt/
56leafBlatt/blat/
57rootWurzel/ˈvʊʁtsəl/
58bark (of a tree)Borke, Rinde/ˈbɔʁ.kə/, /ˈʁɪndə/
59flowerBlume/ˈbluːmə/
60grassGras/ɡʁaːs/
61ropeLeine, Seil, Strick/ˈlaɪ̯nə/, /zaɪ̯l/, /ʃtʁɪk/
62skinHaut/haʊ̯t/
63meatFleisch/flaɪ̯ʃ/
64bloodBlut/bluːt/
65boneKnochen/ˈknɔxən/
66fat (noun)Fett/fɛt/
67eggEi/aɪ̯/
68hornHorn/hɔʁn/
69tailSchwanz, Schweif/ʃvants/, /ʃvaɪ̯f/
70featherFeder/ˈfeːdɐ/
71hairHaar/haːɐ̯/
72headHaupt, Kopf/haʊ̯pt/, /kɔpf/
73earOhr/oːɐ̯/
74eyeAuge/ˈaʊ̯ɡə/
75noseNase/ˈnaːzə/
76mouthMund/mʊnt/
77toothZahn/tsaːn/
78tongue (organ)Zunge/ˈtsʊŋə/
79fingernailFingernagel/ˈfɪŋɐnaːɡəl/
80footFuß/fuːs/
81legBein/baɪ̯n/
82kneeKnie/kniː/
83handHand/hant/
84wingFittich, Flügel, Schwinge/ˈfɪtɪç/, /ˈflyːɡəl/, /ˈʃvɪŋə/
85bellyBauch, Leib/baʊ̯x/, /laɪ̯p/
86gutsEingeweide, Gedärm, Innereien, Kaldaunen/ˈaɪ̯nɡəvaɪ̯də/, /ɡəˈdɛrm/, /ɪnəˈʁaɪ̯ən/, /kalˈdaʊ̯nən/
87neckHals, Nacken/hals/, /ˈnakən/
88backRücken/ˈʁʏkən/
89breastBrust, Busen/bʁʊst/, /ˈbuːzn̩/
90heartHerz/hɛʁts/
91liverLeber/ˈleːbɐ/
92to drinktrinken/ˈtʁɪŋkən/
93to eatessen/ˈɛsən/
94to bitebeißen/ˈbaɪ̯sən/
95to sucklutschen, saugen/ˈlʊ.t͡ʃn̩/, /ˈzaʊ̯ɡən/
96to spitspeien, spucken/ˈʃpaɪ̯ən/, /ˈʃpʊkən/
97to vomitbrechen, erbrechen/ˈbʁɛçən/, /ɛɐ̯ˈbʁɛçən/
98to blowblasen, pusten, wehen/ˈblaːzən/, /ˈpuːstən/, /ˈveː.ən/
99to breatheatmen/ˈaːtmən/
100to laughlachen/ˈlaxən/
101to seesehen/ˈzeːən/
102to hearhören/ˈhøːʁən/
103to knowkennen, wissen/ˈkɛnən/, /ˈvɪsən/
104to thinkdenken/ˈdɛŋkən/
105to smellriechen/ˈʁiːçən/
106to fearfürchten/ˈfʏʁçtən/
107to sleepschlafen/ˈʃlaːfən/
108to liveleben/ˈleːbən/
109to diesterben/ˈʃtɛʁbən/
110to killtöten, umbringen/ˈtøːtən/, /ˈʔʊmˌbʁɪŋən/
111to fightfechten, kämpfen/ˈfɛçtən/, /ˈkɛmpfən/
112to huntjagen/ˈjaːɡən/
113to hitschlagen/ˈʃlaːɡən/
114to cutschneiden/ˈʃnaɪ̯dən/
115to splitspalten, spleißen/ˈʃpaltən/, /ˈʃplaɪ̯sn̩/
116to stabstechen/ˈʃtɛçən/
117to scratchkratzen, ritzen, scharren/ˈkʁatsən/, /ˈʁɪt͡sən/, /ˈʃaʁn̩/
118to diggraben/ˈɡʁaːbən/
119to swimschwimmen/ˈʃvɪmən/
120to flyfliegen/ˈfliːɡən/
121to walkgehen/ˈɡeːən/
122to comekommen/ˈkɔmən/
123to lie (as in a bed)liegen/ˈliːɡən/
124to sitsitzen/ˈzɪtsən/
125to standstehen/ˈʃteːən/
126to turn (intransitive)drehen/ˈdʁeːən/
127to fallfallen/ˈfalən/
128to givegeben/ˈɡeːbən/
129to holdhalten/ˈhaltən/
130to squeezequetschen/ˈkvɛtʃən/
131to rubreiben/ˈʁaɪ̯bən/
132to washwaschen/ˈvaʃən/
133to wipewischen/ˈvɪʃən/
134to pullziehen/ˈtsiːən/
135to pushdrücken, schieben/ˈdʁʏkən/, /ˈʃiːbən/
136to throwwerfen/ˈvɛʁfən/
137to tiebinden, knüpfen/ˈbɪndən/, /ˈknʏpfən/
138to sewnähen/ˈnɛːən/
139to countrechnen, zählen/ˈʁɛçnən/, /ˈtsɛːlən/
140to saysagen/ˈzaːɡən/
141to singsingen/ˈzɪŋən/
142to playspielen/ˈʃpiːlən/
143to floatschweben/ˈʃveːbən/
144to flowfließen, strömen/ˈfliːsən/, /ˈʃtʁøːmən/
145to freezefrieren/ˈfʁiːrən/
146to swellschwellen/ˈʃvɛlən/
147sunSonne/ˈzɔnə/
148moonMond/moːnt/
149starStern/ʃtɛʁn/
150waterWasser/ˈvasɐ/
151rainRegen/ˈʁeːɡən/
152riverFluss/flʊs/
153lakeSee/zeː/
154seaMeer/meːɐ̯/
155saltSalz/zalts/
156stoneStein/ʃtaɪ̯n/
157sandSand/zant/
158dustStaub/ʃtaʊ̯p/
159earthErde/ˈeːɐ̯də/
160cloudWolke/ˈvɔlkə/
161fogNebel/ˈneːbəl/
162skyHimmel/ˈhɪməl/
163windWind/vɪnt/
164snowSchnee/ʃneː/
165iceEis/aɪ̯s/
166smokeRauch/ʁaʊ̯x/
167fireFeuer/ˈfɔʏɐ/
168ashAsche/ˈaʃə/
169to burnbrennen/ˈbʁɛnən/
170roadStraße/ˈʃtʁaːsə/
171mountainBerg/bɛʁk/
172redrot/ʁoːt/
173greengrün/ɡʁyːn/
174yellowgelb/ɡɛlp/
175whiteweiß/vaɪ̯s/
176blackschwarz/ʃvaʁts/
177nightNacht/naxt/
178dayTag/taːk/
179yearJahr/jaːɐ̯/
180warmwarm/vaʁm/
181coldkalt/kalt/
182fullvoll/fɔl/
183newneu/nɔʏ̯/
184oldalt/alt/
185goodgut/ɡuːt/
186badschlecht, übel/ʃlɛçt/, /ˈʔyː.bl̩/
187rottenfaul, verrottet/faʊ̯l/, /fɛɐ̯ˈʁɔtət/
188dirtyschmutzig, dreckig/ˈʃmʊtsɪç/, /ˈdʁɛkɪç/
189straightgerade/ɡ(ə)ˈʁaːdə/
190roundrund/ʁʊnt/
191sharp (as a knife)scharf/ʃaʁf/
192dull (as a knife)stumpf/ʃtʊmpf/
193smoothglatt/ɡlat/
194wetnass, feucht/nas/, /fɔʏ̯çt/
195drydürr, trocken/dʏʁ/, /ˈtʁɔkən/
196correctrichtig/ˈʁɪçtɪç/
197nearnah/ˈnaː/
198farfern, weit/fɛʁn/, /vaɪ̯t/
199rightrechts/ʁɛçts/
200leftlinks/lɪŋks/
201atan, bei/an/, /baɪ̯/
202inin/ɪn/
203withmit/mɪt/
204andund/ʊnt/
205ifob, wenn/ɔp/, /vɛn/
206becauseweil/vaɪ̯l/
207nameName/ˈnaːmə/
Swadesh lists
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