Appendix:Hiligaynon Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hiligaynon, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Hiligaynon
Hiniligaynon, Ilonggo
1 I ako
2 you (singular) ikaw
3 he, she, it siya
4 we inclusive: kita exclusive: kami
5 you (plural) kamo
6 they sila
7 this ini
8 that ina
9 here diri
10 there dira
11 who sin-o
12 what ano, nano
13 where diin
14 when san-o (used with irrealis aspect verb), kasan-o (used with realis aspect verb)
15 how anhon
16 not dili, indi
17 all tanan
18 many damo
19 some iban
20 few diyutay
21 other iban
22 one isa
23 two duha
24 three tatlo
25 four apat
26 five lima
27 big dako
28 long lawid
29 wide lapad
30 thick madamol
31 heavy bug-at
32 small diyutay
33 short nubo, putot (of people)
34 narrow makitid
35 thin nipis, hayat
36 woman babaye
37 man (adult male) lalaki
38 man (human being) tawo
39 child anak, bata
40 wife asawa
41 husband bana
42 mother iloy
43 father amay
44 animal hayop
45 fish isda
46 bird pispis
47 dog ido
48 louse kuto
49 snake halas
50 worm ulod
51 tree kahoy, puno
52 forest kagulangan
53 stick lipak
54 fruit bunga
55 seed binhi
56 leaf dahon
57 root gamot
58 bark (of a tree) panit sang kahoy
59 flower bulak
60 grass hilamon
61 rope lubid, higot
62 skin panit
63 meat unod, karne
64 blood dugo
65 bone tulan
66 fat (noun) tambok
67 egg itlog
68 horn sungay
69 tail ikog
70 feather balahibo
71 hair buhok
72 head ulo
73 ear dalunggan
74 eye mata
75 nose ilong
76 mouth baba
77 tooth ngipon
78 tongue (organ) dila
79 fingernail kuko
80 foot bitis
81 leg tiil, batiis
82 knee tuhod
83 hand kamot
84 wing pakpak
85 belly tiyan
86 guts tinae
87 neck liog
88 back likod
89 breast suso
90 heart kasingkasing, puso
91 liver atay
92 to drink inum
93 to eat kaon
94 to bite kagat
95 to suck supsop
96 to spit dupla
97 to vomit suka
98 to blow huyop
99 to breathe ginhawa
100 to laugh kadlaw
101 to see kita
102 to hear pamati
103 to know hibalo
104 to think dumdom
105 to smell simhot
106 to fear sin-o
107 to sleep tulog
108 to live buhi
109 to die matay
110 to kill patay
111 to fight away, bangig
112 to hunt mangayam
113 to hit lampus
114 to cut putol
115 to split bis-ak, gisi
116 to stab dugkal
117 to scratch kalot, karos
118 to dig suk-ay
119 to swim langoy
120 to fly lupad
121 to walk lakat
122 to come abot
123 to lie (as in a bed) higda
124 to sit pungko
125 to stand tindog
126 to turn (intransitive) liko
127 to fall hulog
128 to give hatag
129 to hold kupot
130 to squeeze pisil
131 to rub kuskos
132 to wash hugas
133 to wipe pahid
134 to pull butong
135 to push tulod
136 to throw haboy, labyog
137 to tie higot
138 to sew tahi
139 to count isip
140 to say siling
141 to sing amba, kanta
142 to play hampang
143 to float lutaw
144 to flow ilig
145 to freeze
146 to swell daludo
147 sun adlaw
148 moon bulan
149 star bitoon
150 water tubig
151 rain ulan
152 river suba
153 lake danaw
154 sea dagat
155 salt asin
156 stone bato
157 sand balas
158 dust yab-ok
159 earth duta
160 cloud panganod
161 fog gamhon
162 sky langit
163 wind hangin
164 snow niyebe
165 ice yelo
166 smoke aso
167 fire kalayo
168 ash abo
169 to burn sunog
170 road dalan
171 mountain bukid
172 red pula
173 green berde
174 yellow dalag
175 white puti
176 black itum
177 night gab-i
178 day adlaw
179 year tuig
180 warm mainit
181 cold malamig
182 full puno
183 new bag-o
184 old daan
185 good maayo
186 bad dautan
187 rotten gabok
188 dirty higko
189 straight tadlong
190 round bilog, malingin
191 sharp (as a knife) matalom
192 dull (as a knife) habol
193 smooth hinlo
194 wet basa
195 dry kigas, mamala
196 correct sibo
197 near dapit
198 far malayo
199 right tuo
200 left wala
201 at sa
202 in sa
203 with
204 and kag
205 if kon
206 because tungod
207 name ngalan
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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