Appendix:Chechen Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Chechen, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Chechen
Nokhchiin mott
Latin IPA
pronunciation
1 I со (so), ас (as) (erg.)
2 you (singular) хьо (ḥʳo)
3 he иза (iza), и (i), az, ez
4 we тхо (txo), вай (vaj) (incl.)
5 you (plural) шу (šu)
6 they уьш (üš), ish, awsh
7 this хӏара (hara), har(a)
8 that дӏара (dˀara)
9 here кхузахь (quzaḥʳ), uddaħ, kxuzige
10 there цигахь (cigaḥʳ), dʕōgaħ, eccaħ
11 who мила (mila), h'amo
12 what хӏун (hun)
13 where мичахь (mičaḥʳ), stengaħ (var. tengaħ, sengaħ)
14 when маца (maca), matz(a)
15 how муха (muxa), mugh(a), mih, müscht
16 not ца (ca), -ац (-ac); (imp.) ма (ma)
17 all дерриг (derrig), hora, sha-var/bar/dar, masso
18 many дукха (duqa), duqo
19 some цхьадерг (cḥʳaderg), цхьаццадерг (cḥʳaccaderg); цхьаберш (cḥʳaberš), tzħ'atsberrish
20 few цхьадолу (cḥʳadolu), цхьаццадолу (cḥʳaccadolu), tzħ'adol
21 other кхин (qin), важа (važa), kxinag, vuqa
22 one цхьаъ (cḥʳaʔ)
23 two шиъ (šiʔ)
24 three кхоъ (qoʔ)
25 four диъ (diʔ)
26 five пхиъ (pxiʔ)
27 big доккха (doqqa), v-oqqa, y-oqqa
28 long деха (dexa), yeha, d-ehi
29 wide шуьйра (šüüra)
30 thick стомма (stomma)
31 heavy деза (deza)
32 small жима (žima)
33 short доца (doca)
34 narrow готта (gotta)
35 thin дуткъа (dutqʼa)
36 woman зуда (zuda)
37 man (adult male) стаг (stag)
38 man (human being) адам (adam)
39 child бер (ber), bér(a), gakki
40 wife зуда (zuda), ste
41 husband майра (majra), mára
42 mother нана (nana)
43 father да (da), dad
44 animal дийнат (diı̇nat), экха (eqa)
45 fish чӏара (čʼara)
46 bird олхазар (olxazar), alhazur
47 dog пхьу (pḥʳu), жӏаьла (žˀäla)
48 louse меза (meza)
49 snake лаьхьа (läḥʳa), текхарг (teqarg)
50 worm нӏаьна (nˀäna)
51 tree дитт (ditt)
52 forest хьун (ḥʳun)
53 stick ӏаса (ˀasa), дечиг (dečig)
54 fruit стом (stom)
55 seed хӏу (hu)
56 leaf гӏа (ğa)
57 root орам (oram)
58 bark (of a tree) кевстиг (kevstig)
59 flower зезаг (zezag)
60 grass буц (buc)
61 rope муш (muš)
62 skin цӏока (cʼoka)
63 meat жижиг (žižig), dulh
64 blood цӏий (cʼii)
65 bone даьӏахк (däˀaxk)
66 fat (noun) мохь (moḥʳ)
67 egg хӏоа (hoa)
68 horn маӏа (maˀa)
69 tail цӏога (cʼoga), tuira, tivr
70 feather пелаг (pelag)
71 hair мас (mas), чо (čo)
72 head корта (korta), kort(a)
73 ear лерг (lerg) (dial. leg, lark, larg)
74 eye бӏаьрг (bˀärg) (dial. bʕäg, bʕark)
75 nose мара (mara)
76 mouth бага (baga)
77 tooth церг (cerg)
78 tongue (organ) мотт (mott)
79 fingernail маӏар (maˀar)
80 foot ког (kog)
81 leg ког (kog)
82 knee гола (gola)
83 hand куьг (küg), kuig, kug
84 wing тӏам (tʼam)
85 belly гай (gaj)
86 guts чуьйраш (čüüraš)
87 neck ворта (vorta), ghorta, yaʕni
88 back букъ (buqʼ)
89 breast накха (naqa)
90 heart дог (dog)
91 liver доӏах (doˀax)
92 to drink мала (mala)
93 to eat даа (daa), ya'a
94 to bite цергаш йохка (cergaš joxka) (церг, дохка)
95 to suck дакха (daqa), цӏубдан (cʼubdan)
96 to spit туйнаш кхосса (tujnaš qossa), шетташ кхосса (šettaš qossa) (туй, кхосса)
97 to vomit ӏетто (ˀetto)
98 to blow хьекха (ḥʳeqa)
99 to breathe садеӏа (sadeˀa)
100 to laugh дела (dela)
101 to see ган (gan)
102 to hear хаза (xaza)
103 to know хаа (xaa)
104 to think ойла ян (ojla jan)
105 to smell хьожа яха (ḥʳoža jaxa)
106 to fear кхера (qera)
107 to sleep наб ян (nab jan)
108 to live даха (daxa)
109 to die дала (dala)
110 to kill ден (den)
111 to fight лата (lata)
112 to hunt талла эха (talla exa)
113 to hit детта (detta)
114 to cut хадо (xado)
115 to split декъа (deqʼa)
116 to stab ӏотта (ˀotta)
117 to scratch мӏараш тийса (mˀaraš tiı̇sa)
118 to dig ахка (axka)
119 to swim нека дан (neka dan)
120 to fly лела (lela)
121 to walk даха (daxa)
122 to come дан (dan)
123 to lie (as in a bed) ӏилла (ˀilla)
124 to sit хиъна ӏан (xiʔna ˀan)
125 to stand латта (latta)
126 to turn (intransitive) харца (xarca)
127 to fall дожа (doža)
128 to give дала (dala), dal(a)
129 to hold латто (latto)
130 to squeeze ӏовда (ˀovda)
131 to rub хьекха (ḥʳeqa)
132 to wash дила (dila)
133 to wipe дӏадаккха (dˀadaqqa)
134 to pull ийза (iı̇za)
135 to push татта (tatta)
136 to throw кхосса (qossa)
137 to tie дехка (dexka)
138 to sew тега (tega)
139 to count дагардан (dagardan)
140 to say ала (ala)
141 to sing лакха (laqa)
142 to play ловза (lovza)
143 to float нека дан (neka dan)
144 to flow эха (exa)
145 to freeze гӏоро (ğoro)
146 to swell деста (desta)
147 sun малх (malx)
148 moon бутт (butt)
149 star седа (seda)
150 water хи (xi)
151 rain догӏа (doğa)
152 river хи (xi), ehk, ark, erk
153 lake ӏам (ˀam)
154 sea хӏорд (hord)
155 salt туьха (tüxa), tuih
156 stone тӏулг (tʼulg), kxer
157 sand гӏум (ğum)
158 dust чан (čan)
159 earth латта (latta)
160 cloud марха (marxa)
161 fog дохк (doxk)
162 sky стигал (stigal), ana
163 wind мох (mox)
164 snow ло (lo)
165 ice ша (ša)
166 smoke кӏур (kʼur)
167 fire цӏе (cʼe)
168 ash чим (čim), юкъ (juqʼ)
169 to burn дага (daga)
170 road некъ (neqʼ)
171 mountain лам (lam), artz
172 red цӏен (cʼen), ts'i
173 green баьццара (bäccara), bursa
174 yellow можа (moža)
175 white кайн (kajn), k'ay(n)
176 black ӏаьржа (ˀärža), ʕaerdzha
177 night буьйса (büüsa)
178 day де (de)
179 year шо (šo)
180 warm довха (dovxa), dovho
181 cold шийла (šiı̇la), shiilo
182 full дуьззина (düzzina), duzzan
183 new керла (kerla), цӏена (cʼena), ts'en(а)
184 old къена (qʼena), шира (šira)
185 good диканиг (dikanig), dikaŋ, dikiŋ
186 bad вон (von), moŋ
187 rotten дахкаделла (daxkadella)
188 dirty боьха (böxa)
189 straight нийса (niı̇sa)
190 round горга (gorga)
191 sharp (as a knife) ира (ira)
192 dull (as a knife) аьрта (ärta)
193 smooth шера (šera)
194 wet тӏеда (tʼeda), t'ade
195 dry декъа (deqʼa)
196 correct нийса (niı̇sa), niys
197 near гергара (gergara), уллера (ullera), юххера (juxxera)
198 far гена (gena), géna
199 right аьтту (ättu)
200 left аьрру (ärru)
201 at тӏехь (tʼeḥʳ)
202 in -чохь (-čoḥʳ)
203 with -ца (-ca), -atz, -tzi
204 and a
205 if нагахь (nagaḥʳ)
206 because хӏунда аьлча (hunda älča)
207 name цӏе (cʼe)

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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