Appendix:Tunisian Arabic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tunisian Arabic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Tunisian Arabic
تونسي (tūnsī)
Transcription
(DIN 31635)
1 I آنَا ʾānā
2 you (singular) اِنْتِ ʾinti
3 he هُوَّ huwwa
4 we اَحْنَا ʾaḥnā
5 you (plural) اِنْتُومَا ʾintūmā
6 they هُومَا hūmā
7 this هَاذَا hāḏā
8 that هَاذَاكَ hāḏāka
9 here هُونِي, هْنَا hūnī, hnā
10 there غَادِي ġādī
11 who شْكُونْ škūn
12 what شْنُوَّ šnuwwa
13 where وِينْ, فِينْ wīn, fīn
14 when وَقْتَاشْ waqtāš
15 how كِيفَاشْ kīfāš
16 not مُوشْ mūš
17 all اِلْكُلْ ʾilkul
18 many بَرْشَ barša
19 some شْوَيَّ, بَعْضْ šwayya, baʿḍ
20 few شْوَيَّ, بَعْضْ šwayya, baʿḍ
21 other آخِرْ ʾāḫir
22 one وَاحِدْ wāḥid
23 two ثْنِينْ, زوْز zūz, ṯnīn
24 three ثْلَاثَة ṯlāṯa
25 four اَرْبْعَة ʾarbʿa
26 five خَمْسَة ḫamsa
27 big كْبِيرْ kbīr
28 long طْوِيلْ ṭwīl
29 wide وَاسِعْ wāsiʿ
30 thick خْشِينْ ḫšīn
31 heavy ثْقِيلْ ṯqīl
32 small صْغِيرْ ṣġīr
33 short قْصِيرْ qṣīr
34 narrow ضِيِّقْ ḍiyyiq
35 thin رْقِيقْ rqīq
36 woman مْرَة mra
37 man (adult male) رَاجِلْ rājil
38 man (human being) عَبْد ʿabd
39 child فزغول fazġūl
40 wife مْرَة mra
41 husband رَاجِلْ rājil
42 mother اُمْ ʾum
43 father بُو
44 animal حَيَوَانْ ḥayawān
45 fish حُوتَة ḥūta
46 bird عَصْفُورْ ʿaṣfūr
47 dog كَلْبْ kalb
48 louse قَمْلَة qamla
49 snake حْنَشْ ḥnaš
50 worm دُودَة dūda
51 tree شُجْرَة šujra
52 forest غَابَة ġāba
53 stick عْصَا ʿṣā
54 fruit غَلَّة ġalla
55 seed زُرِّيعَة zurrīʿa
56 leaf وَرْقَة warqa
57 root عِرْقْ ʿirq
58 bark (of a tree) قِشْرَة qišra
59 flower نَوَّارَة nawwāra
60 grass حْشِيشْ ḥšīš
61 rope حْبَلْ ḥbal
62 skin جِلْدَة jilda
63 meat لْحَمْ lḥam
64 blood دَمْ dam
65 bone عْظَمْ ʿđ̣am
66 fat (noun) شْحَمْ šḥam
67 egg عَظْمَة ʿađ̣ma
68 horn ڤَرْنْ garn
69 tail بَعْبُوصْ baʿbūṣ
70 feather رِيشَة rīša
71 hair شْعَرْ šʿar
72 head رَاسْ rās
73 ear وْذِنْ wḏin
74 eye عِينْ ʿīn
75 nose خْشَمْ ḫšam
76 mouth جَلْغَة jalġa
77 tooth سِنَّة sinna
78 tongue (organ) لْسَانْ lsān
79 fingernail ظْفَرْ đ̣far
80 foot سَاقْ sāq
81 leg رْجِلْ rjil
82 knee رُكْبَة rukba
83 hand يِدْ yid
84 wing جْنَاحْ jnāḥ
85 belly كِرْشْ kirš
86 guts بْزيز bzīz
87 neck كرومَة krūma
88 back ظْهَرْ đ̣har
89 breast بَزّولة bazzūla
90 heart قَلْبْ qalb
91 liver كِبْدَة kibda
92 to drink شْرَبْ šrab
93 to eat كْلَا klā
94 to bite ڤْدِمْ gdim
95 to suck رْضَعْ rḍaʿ
96 to spit بْزَقْ bzaq
97 to vomit رَدْ rad
98 to blow نْفَخْ nfaḫ
99 to breathe تْنَفِّسْ tnaffis
100 to laugh ضْحَكْ ḍḥak
101 to see را
102 to hear سْمَعْ smaʿ
103 to know عْرَفْ ʿraf
104 to think خَمِّمْ ḫammim
105 to smell شَمْ šam
106 to fear خَافْ ḫāf
107 to sleep رْقَدْ rqad
108 to live عَاشْ ʿāš
109 to die مَاتْ māt
110 to kill قْتَلْ qtal
111 to fight تْعَارِكْ tʿārik
112 to hunt اِصْطَادْ ʾiṣṭād
113 to hit ضْرَبْ ḍrab
114 to cut قَصْ qaṣ
115 to split قْسَمْ qsam
116 to stab دْغَرْ dġar
117 to scratch حَكْ ḥak
118 to dig حْفَرْ ḥfar
119 to swim عاَمْ ʿām
120 to fly طار ṭār
121 to walk مْشَا mšā
122 to come جَا
123 to lie (as in a bed) تْمَدْ tmad
124 to sit قَعمِز ga'miz
125 to stand وْقِفْ wqif
126 to turn (intransitive) دَارْ dār
127 to fall طَاحْ ṭāḥ
128 to give عْطَا aʿṭā
129 to hold شَدْ šad
130 to squeeze عْصَرْ ʿṣar
131 to rub حَكْ ḥak
132 to wash غْسَلْ ġsal
133 to wipe مْسَحْ msaḥ
134 to pull جْبِدْ jbid
135 to push دَزْ daz
136 to throw لَوَح lwaḥ
137 to tie رْبَطْ rbaṭ
138 to sew خَيِّطْ ḫayyiṭ
139 to count حْسِبْ ḥsib
140 to say قَالْ qāl
141 to sing غَنَّا ġannā
142 to play لْعَبْ lʿab
143 to float عَامْ ʿām
144 to flow جْرَا jrā
145 to freeze جْمِدْ jmid
146 to swell تِنْفَخْ tinfaḫ
147 sun سمش samš
148 moon ڤَمْرَة gamra
149 star نِجْمَة nijma
150 water مَا
151 rain شْتَا štā
152 river وَادْ wād
153 lake سَبْخَة sabḫa
154 sea بْحَرْ bḥar
155 salt مِلْحْ milḥ
156 stone حَجْرَة ḥajra
157 sand رْمَلْ rmal
158 dust غَبْرَة ġabra
159 earth تْرَابْ trāb
160 cloud سْحَابْ sḥāb
161 fog ضْبَابْ ḍbāb
162 sky سْمَا smā
163 wind رِيحْ rīḥ
164 snow ثِلْجْ ṯilj
165 ice ثِلْجْ ṯilj
166 smoke دُخّانْ duḫḫān
167 fire نَارْ nār
168 ash رْمَادْ rmād
169 to burn حْرَقْ ḥraq
170 road كَيَّاسْ kayyās
171 mountain جْبَلْ jbal
172 red اَحْمَرْ ʾaḥmar
173 green اَخْضِرْ ʾaḫḍir
174 yellow اَصْفِرْ ʾaṣfir
175 white اَبْيِضْ ʾabyiḍ
176 black اَكْحِلْ ʾakḥil
177 night لِيلْ līl
178 day نْهَارْ nhār
179 year عَامْ ʿām
180 warm دَافِي dāfī
181 cold بَارِدْ bārid
182 full مْعِبِّي mʿibbī
183 new جْدِيدْ jdīd
184 old قْدِيمْ qdīm
185 good بَاهِي bāhī
186 bad خَايِبْ ḫāyib
187 rotten خامج ḫāmij
188 dirty مَّسِّخْ mmassiḫ
189 straight طُولْ ṭūl
190 round مْدَوِّرْ mdawwir
191 sharp (as a knife) مَاضِي māḍī
192 dull (as a knife) حَافِي ḥāfī
193 smooth اَرْطِبْ ʾarṭib
194 wet مَبْلُولْ mablūl
195 dry شَايَحْ šāyaḥ
196 correct صْحِيحْ ṣḥīḥ
197 near قْرِيبْ qrīb
198 far بْعِيدْ bʿīd
199 right لِيمِينْ līmīn
200 left لِيسَارْ līsār
201 at عَنْدْ ʿand
202 in فِي
203 with مْعَا mʿā
204 and و ū
205 if اِذَا ʾiḏā
206 because عْلَى خَاطِرْ ʾlā ḫāṭir
207 name اِسْمْ ʾism

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)