Appendix:Upper Sorbian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Upper Sorbian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishUpper Sorbian
hornjoserbšćina
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ja
2you (2sg)ty
3he, she, it (3sg)wón
4we (1pl)my
5you (2pl)wy
6they (3pl)woni
7thistón, ta, to
8thattamny
9herejow, jowle, tu, tule
10theretam
11whoštó
12whatšto
13wherehdźe
14whenhdy
15howkak
16notnje-
17allwšo, wšitke, wšitcy
18manywjele
19someněkotre
20fewmało
21otherdruhi
22onejedyn
23twodwaj
24threetři
25fourštyri
26fivepjeć
27bigwulki
28longdołhi
29widešěroki
30thicktołsty
31heavyćežki
32smallmały
33shortkrótki
34narrowwuski
35thinćeńki
36womanžona
37man (adult male)muž
38man (human being)čłowjek
39childdźěćo
40wifemandźelska, žona
41husbandmandźelski, muž
42mothermać
43fathernan
44animalzwěrjo
45fishryba
46birdptačk, ptak
47dogpsyk
48lousewoš
49snakehad
50wormwaka, čerw
51treeštom
52forestlěs
53stickkij
54fruitpłód
55seedsymjo
56leaflisćo
57rootkorjeń
58bark (of a tree)skora
59flowerkwětka
60grasstrawa
61ropepowjaz
62skinkoža
63meatmjaso
64bloodkrej
65bonekósć
66fat (noun)tuk
67eggjejo
68hornróh
69tailwopuš
70featherpjerjo
71hairwłosy
72headhłowa
73earwucho
74eyewóčko
75nosenós
76mouthhuba
77toothzub
78tongue (organ)jazyk
79fingernailnochć
80footnoha
81legnoha
82kneekoleno
83handruka
84wingkřidło
85bellybrjuch
86gutsčrjewa
87neckšija
88backchribjet
89breasthrudź
90heartwutroba
91liverjatra
92to drinkpić
93to eatjěsć
94to bitekusać
95to suckcycać
96to spitpluwać
97to vomitwróćeć, bluwać
98to blowduć
99to breathedychać
100to laughsmjeć
101to seewidźeć
102to hearsłyšeć
103to knowwědźeć
104to thinkmyslić
105to smellčuć
106to fearbojeć
107to sleepspać
108to liveživy być
109to diewumrěć
110to killzabić, kóncować
111to fightwojować
112to hunthońtwjerić
113to hitbić
114to cutrězać
115to splitšćěpić, pačić
116to stabštapać
117to scratchdrapać
118to digryć, kopać
119to swimpłuwać
120to flylećeć, lětać
121to walkhić, chodźić
122to comepřińć, přijěć, dóńć
123to lie (as in a bed)ležeć
124to sitsedźeć
125to standstać
126to turn (intransitive)wobroćić
127to fallpadać
128to givedać, dawać
129to holddźeržeć
130to squeezetłóčić
131to rubšudrować, šurować
132to washmyć
133to wipetrěć
134to pullćahać
135to pushtłóčić
136to throwmjetać
137to tiewjazać
138to sewšić
139to countličić
140to sayrěčeć
141to singspěwać
142to playhrać, hrajkać
143to floatpłuwać
144to flowběžeć, ćec
145to freezemjerznyć
146to swellzaćekać
147sunsłónco, słónčko
148moonměsačk
149starhwězda
150waterwoda
151raindešć
152riverrěka
153lakejězor
154seamorjo
155saltsól
156stonekamjeń
157sandpěsk
158dustproch
159earthzemja
160cloudmróčel
161fogkurjawa, mhła
162skynjebjo
163windwětřik
164snowsněh
165icelód
166smokekur, dym
167firewoheń
168ashpopjeł
169to burnpalić
170roadpuć
171mountainhora
172redčerwjeny
173greenzeleny
174yellowžołty
175whiteběły
176blackčorny
177nightnóc
178daydźeń
179yearlěto
180warmćopły
181coldzymny, chłódny
182fullpołny
183newnowy
184oldstary
185gooddobry
186badhubjeny, špatny, zły
187rottenzhniły
188dirtymazany
189straightruny
190roundkulojty, kulowaty
191sharp (as a knife)wótry
192dull (as a knife)tupy
193smoothhładki
194wetmokry
195drysuchi
196correctprawy
197nearbliski
198fardaloki
199rightprawy
200leftlěwy
201atpři
202inw, we
203withz, ze
204anda
205ifhdyž
206becausedokelž, přetož
207namemjeno
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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