Appendix:Fanagalo Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Fanagalo, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

No. English Fanagalo
1 I mina
2 you (singular) wena
3 he yena
4 we tina
5 you (plural) nina, nina zonke
6 they yena zonke
7 this lo
8 that lo
9 here lapa
10 there lapa
11 who ubani
12 what ini
13 where upi
14 when skat
15 how kanjani
16 not hayi
17 all zonke
18 many maningi
19 some munye
20 few mbijan
21 other lomunye
22 one wan, munye
23 two tu, mabili
24 three tri, matatu
25 four fo, sine, mane
26 five fayif, hlanu
27 big makulu
28 long langwan
29 wide banzi
30 thick makulu
31 heavy nzima
32 small pikinin
33 short fushane, shotwan
34 narrow duze sondela
35 thin zacile
36 woman mfazi
37 man (adult male) ndoda
38 man (human being) muntu
39 child mtwana, pikinin
40 wife mfazi
41 husband indoda
42 mother mama
43 father baba
44 animal nyamazan
45 fish ntlanzi
46 bird nyoni
47 dog inja
48 louse ntwala
49 snake nyoka
50 worm umsundu, izilo
51 tree muti, sehlahla
52 forest hlati
53 stick stik, prop
54 fruit tikili
55 seed mbidge
56 leaf lifa
57 root moti
58 bark (of a tree) ixolo
59 flower flauwa, imbali
60 grass tshani
61 rope ntambo
62 skin skumba
63 meat nyama
64 blood gazi
65 bone tambo
66 fat (noun) mafuta
67 egg maqanda
68 horn mpondo
69 tail msila
70 feather mpape
71 hair nwele
72 head skop
73 ear ndlebe
74 eye mehlo
75 nose mpumlo
76 mouth mlom
77 tooth zinyo
78 tongue (organ) limi
79 fingernail zipo
80 foot nyawo
81 leg mlenze
82 knee dolo
83 hand sandla
84 wing piko
85 belly sisu
86 guts mafuta
87 neck ntamo
88 back mhlana
89 breast bele
90 heart nhliziyo
91 liver leva
92 to drink puza
93 to eat idla
94 to bite luma
95 to suck ngcela
96 to spit kafula
97 to vomit hlanza
98 to blow vuta, vutela
99 to breathe pefumula
100 to laugh hleka
101 to see buka
102 to hear izwa
103 to know azi
104 to think cabanga
105 to smell nuka
106 to fear saba
107 to sleep lala
108 to live pila
109 to die ifa
110 to kill bulala
111 to fight ilwa
112 to hunt shaya
113 to hit tshaya
114 to cut juba
115 to split dabula
116 to stab hlaba
117 to scratch ghwempa
118 to dig imba
119 to swim hlamba
120 to fly ndiza
121 to walk hamba
122 to come buya, fika
123 to lie (as in a bed) lala
124 to sit hlala
125 to stand ima
126 to turn (intransitive) jika
127 to fall iwa
128 to give nika
129 to hold bamba
130 to squeeze kama
131 to rub coba
132 to wash hlamba, washa
133 to wipe sula
134 to pull dontsa
135 to push tshova
136 to throw posa
137 to tie bopa, fasa
138 to sew tunga
139 to count bala
140 to say kuluma
141 to sing hlabela
142 to play dlala
143 to float phambana
144 to flow gikuma
145 to freeze goloma
146 to swell dumba
147 sun langa
148 moon nyanga
149 star ntshele
150 water manzi
151 rain kam-kam
152 river mfula
153 lake ilizi
154 sea lwandle
155 salt sawut
156 stone litshe
157 sand sant
158 dust tuli
159 earth mhlaba
160 cloud mafu
161 fog imvula
162 sky sibhaka
163 wind moya
164 snow isinithi
165 ice aiskrimu
166 smoke smok
167 fire mlilo
168 ash mlota
169 to burn tshisa
170 road ndlela
171 mountain ntaba
172 red bomvu
173 green luhlaza
174 yellow mpofu
175 white mhlope
176 black mnyama
177 night busuku
178 day langa
179 year nyaka
180 warm tshisa
181 cold banda, makaza
182 full gcwalile
183 new nyuwan
184 old madala
185 good muhle
186 bad mubi
187 rotten bolile
188 dirty gwele
189 straight streyit
190 round rawund
191 sharp (as a knife) bukali
192 dull (as a knife) botyi
193 smooth lishayi
194 wet tambile
195 dry omile
196 correct lungile
197 near duze
198 far kude
199 right nene
200 left kohlo
201 at lapa
202 in pakati
203 with na
204 and na
205 if skat
206 because ndaba
207 name gama


Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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