Appendix:Old Marathi Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Marathi, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishOld Marathi
𑘦𑘨𑘿𑘮𑘘𑘿𑘘𑘰 (marhaṭṭā)
edit (38)
Old Marathi
मर्हट्टा (marhaṭṭā)
edit (61)
1I (1sg)𑘀𑘮𑘦 𑘿अहम् (aham)
2you (2sg)𑘝𑘳𑘦 𑘿तुम् (tum)
3he, she, it (3sg)𑘭𑘻 (so)सो (so), सा (), तम् (tam)
4we (1pl)𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 (āmhī)वयम् (vayam), अम्हे (amhe)
5you (2pl)𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ)तुम्हे (tumhe)
6they (3pl)𑘭𑘼 (sau)ते (te), ता ()
7this𑘮𑘰 ()*, 𑘮𑘹 (he)*, 𑘮𑘹𑘽 (heṃ)*एय (eya), इम (ima), अमु ( amu)
8that𑘝𑘻 (to)*, 𑘝𑘲 ()*, 𑘝𑘹𑘽 (teṃ)*तम् (tam)
9here𑘊𑘞 (etha)एथ (etha)
10there𑘝𑘹𑘞 (tetha), 𑘝𑘹𑘎𑘚𑘹 (tekaḍe)तेथ (tetha), तेकडे (tekaḍe)
11who𑘎𑘪𑘜 (kavaṇa), 𑘎𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘜 (kavhaṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜 (koṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜𑘿𑘮 (koṇha)को (ko), का ()
12what𑘎𑘰𑘃 (kāī), 𑘎𑘰𑘧 (kāya), 𑘎𑘰𑘧𑘹 (kāye)काइं (kāiṃ), काय (kāya), काये (kāye)
13where𑘎𑘻𑘙𑘹 (koṭhe)कत्थ (kattha)
14when𑘎𑘃𑘽 (kaīṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘽𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘰 (keṃvhā), 𑘎𑘺𑘽 (kaiṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘠𑘪𑘰𑘽 (kedhavāṃ)कइं (kaïṃ), केंव्हा (keṃvhā), कैं (kaiṃ), केधवां (kedhavāṃ)
15how𑘎𑘺𑘭 (kaisa), 𑘎𑘺𑘭𑘹𑘡𑘲 (kaisenī)कैस (kaisa), कैसेनि (kaiseni)
16not𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲 (nāhī), 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲𑘽 (nāhīṃ)नाहि (nāhi), नाहिं (nāhiṃ), नाही (nāhī), नाहीं (nāhīṃ)
17all𑘭𑘪𑘿𑘪𑘹 (savve)सव्वे (savve)
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘰 (lahāṇā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰 (lahānā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰𑘩 (lahānāla), 𑘩𑘰𑘡 (lāna)लहाणा (lahāṇā), लहाना (lahānā), लहानाल (lahānāla), लान (lāna)
33short
34narrow
35thin𑘢𑘰𑘝𑘯 (pātaḷa)पातळ (pātaḷa)
36woman
37man (adult male)पुरुसो (puruso)
38man (human being)𑘦𑘰𑘜𑘳𑘭𑘻 (māṇuso)माणुसो (māṇuso)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish𑘦𑘰𑘭𑘰 (māsā), 𑘦𑘔 (macha), 𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘔 (maccha)मासा (māsā), मछ (macha), मच्छ (maccha)
46bird𑘢𑘰𑘏𑘲𑘨𑘳𑘽 (pākhīruṃ), 𑘢𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲 (pakṣī)पक्खिणो (pakkhiṇo)
47dog𑘎𑘳𑘝𑘲𑘨𑘰 (kutīrā)कुतिरा (kutirā)
48louse
49snake𑘭𑘰𑘢 (sāpa)सप्पो (sappo)
50worm
51tree𑘖𑘰𑘚 (jhāḍa)रुक्खो (rukkho)
52forestवणम् (vaṇam)
53stick
54fruitफलायिम् (phalāyim)
55seed
56leaf𑘢𑘰𑘡 (pāna)पान (pāna)
57root
58bark (of a tree)
59flower𑘣𑘳𑘩 (phula)पुप्फायिम् (pupphāyim)
60grass𑘐𑘪𑘝 (gavata)गवत (gavata)
61rope
62skin
63meat𑘦𑘼𑘽𑘭 (mauṃsa)मौंस (mauṃsa)
64bloodरत्त (ratta)
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn𑘭𑘱𑘽𑘐 (siṃga)सिंग (siṃga)
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73earकण्णो (kaṇṇo)
74eyeअक्खि (akkhi)
75noseनासो (nāso)
76mouth𑘝𑘻𑘽𑘚 (toṃḍa)तोंड (toṃḍa)
77tooth𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta)दांत (dāṃta)
78tongue (organ)𑘕𑘲𑘥 (jībha)जीहा (jīhā)
79fingernail
80foot𑘢𑘰𑘄𑘩 (pāula)पाउल (pāula)
81leg
82knee
83handहत्था (hatthā)
84wing
85belly𑘢𑘻𑘘 (poṭa)पोट (poṭa)
86guts
87neck𑘐𑘯𑘰 (gaḷā)गळा (gaḷā)
88back𑘢𑘰𑘘 (pāṭa), 𑘢𑘰𑘙𑘲 (pāṭhī)पाट (pāṭa), पाठी (pāṭhī)
89breast
90heartहियय (hiyaya)
91liver
92to drink
93to eatखायै (khāyai)
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hearसुणै (suṇai)
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleepसुयै (suyai)
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walkचलै (calai)
122to come
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sitअच्छै (acchai)
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fallपडै (paḍai)
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to singगायै (gāyai)
142to playखेळै (kheḷai)
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sunसूरियो (sūriyo)
148moon𑘓𑘡𑘿𑘟𑘻 (cando)चन्दो (cando)
149star
150water
151rain
152riverनै (nai)
153lake
154seaसमुद्दो (samuddo)
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloudमेहो (meho)
161fog
162skyआयासो (āyāso)
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169to burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202inएम्मि (emmi)
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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