Appendix:Bulgarian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Bulgarian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishBulgarian
български (bǎlgarski)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)аз (az)
2you (2sg)ти (ti)
3he, she, it (3sg)той (toj)
4we (1pl)ни́е (níe)
5you (2pl)ви́е (víe)
6they (3pl)те (te)
7thisтова́ (tová)
8thatонова́ (onová)
9hereтук (tuk)
10thereтам (tam)
11whoкой (koj)
12whatкакъ́в (kakǎ́v)
13whereкъде́ (kǎdé)
14whenкога́ (kogá)
15howкак (kak)
16notне (ne)
17allвси́чки (vsíčki), цял (cjal), це́лият (célijat)
18manyмно́го (mnógo)
19someня́колко (njákolko)
20fewма́лко (málko)
21otherдруг (drug)
22oneедно́ (ednó)
23twoдве (dve)
24threeтри (tri)
25fourче́тири (čétiri)
26fiveпет (pet)
27bigголя́м (goljám)
28longдъ́лъг (dǎ́lǎg)
29wideширо́к (širók)
30thickплъ́тен (plǎ́ten), дебе́л (debél)
31heavyте́жък (téžǎk)
32smallма́лък (málǎk), дре́бен (drében)
33shortкъс (kǎs), кра́тък (krátǎk)
34narrowте́сен (tésen)
35thinслаб (slab), тъ́нък (tǎ́nǎk)
36womanжена́ (žená)
37man (adult male)мъж (mǎž)
38man (human being)чове́к (čovék)
39childдете́ (deté)
40wifeсъпру́га (sǎprúga)
41husbandсъпру́г (sǎprúg)
42motherма́йка (májka)
43fatherбаща́ (baštá), та́тко (tátko)
44animalживо́тно (živótno)
45fishри́ба (ríba)
46birdпти́ца (ptíca)
47dogку́че (kúče), пес (pes), псе (pse)
48louseвъ́шка (vǎ́ška)
49snakeзмия́ (zmijá)
50wormче́рвей (čérvej)
51treeдърво́ (dǎrvó)
52forestгора́ (gorá), лес (les)
53stickпръ́чка (prǎ́čka), съ́чка (sǎ́čka), кло́нче (klónče), кле́чка (kléčka), стрък (strǎk)
54fruitплод (plod)
55seedсе́ме (séme)
56leafлисто́ (listó), лист (list)
57rootко́рен (kóren)
58bark (of a tree)кора́ (korá)
59flowerцве́те (cvéte)
60grassтрева́ (trevá)
61ropeвъже́ (vǎžé)
62skinко́жа (kóža)
63meatмесо́ (mesó)
64bloodкръв (krǎv)
65boneко́кал (kókal), кост (kost)
66fat (noun)мазнина́ (mazniná), тлъстина́ (tlǎstiná), мас (mas), лой (loj)
67eggяйце́ (jajcé)
68hornрог (rog)
69tailопа́шка (opáška)
70featherперо́ (peró)
71hairкоса́ (kosá), ко́съм (kósǎm)
72headглава́ (glavá)
73earухо́ (uhó)
74eyeоко́ (okó)
75noseнос (nos)
76mouthуста́ (ustá)
77toothзъб (zǎb)
78tongue (organ)ези́к (ezík)
79fingernailно́кът (nókǎt)
80footкрак (krak), стъпа́ло (stǎpálo), ходи́ло (hodílo), нога́ (nogá)
81legкрак (krak)
82kneeколя́но (koljáno)
83handръка́ (rǎká)
84wingкрило́ (kriló)
85bellyкоре́м (korém), търбу́х (tǎrbúh)
86gutsвъ́трешности (vǎ́trešnosti), черва́ (červá)
87neckврат (vrat), ши́я (šíja)
88backгръб (grǎb), гърби́на (gǎrbína)
89breastгръд (grǎd), гърда́ (gǎrdá)
90heartсърце́ (sǎrcé)
91liverче́рен дро́б (čéren drób)
92to drinkпи́я (píja)
93to eatям (jam)
94to biteха́пя (hápja), гриза́ (grizá)
95to suckсу́ча (súča)
96to spitплю́я (pljúja)
97to vomitповръ́щам (povrǎ́štam), бъ́лвам (bǎ́lvam)
98to blowду́хам (dúham)
99to breatheди́шам (díšam)
100to laughсме́я се (sméja se)
101to seeви́ждам (víždam)
102to hearчу́вам (čúvam), слу́шам (slúšam)
103to knowзна́я (znája)
104to thinkми́сля (míslja)
105to smellмири́ша (miríša), ду́ша (dúša)
106to fearстраху́вам се (strahúvam se), боя́ се (bojá se), опася́вам се (opasjávam se)
107to sleepспя (spja)
108to liveживе́я (živéja)
109to dieуми́рам (umíram)
110to killуби́вам (ubívam)
111to fightби́я се (bíja se)
112to huntлову́вам (lovúvam)
113to hitу́дрям (údrjam)
114to cutре́жа (réža), сека́ (seká)
115to splitце́пя (cépja)
116to stabпрому́швам (promúšvam), пробо́ждам (probóždam), наръ́гвам (narǎ́gvam)
117to scratchдра́скам (dráskam), дра́щя (dráštja), че́ша (čéša)
118to digкопа́я (kopája), ро́вя (róvja)
119to swimплу́вам (plúvam)
120to flyлетя́ (letjá)
121to walkвървя́ (vǎrvjá), хо́дя (hódja)
122to comeи́двам (ídvam), присти́гам (pristígam), дохо́ждам (dohóždam)
123to lie (as in a bed)лежа́ (ležá) (state)
124to sitседя́ (sedjá) (state)
125to standстоя́ (stojá) (state)
126to turn (intransitive)зави́вам (zavívam)
127to fallпа́дам (pádam)
128to giveда́вам (dávam)
129to holdдържа́ (dǎržá)
130to squeezeизце́ждам (izcéždam), изсти́сквам (izstískvam)
131to rubтри́я (tríja), тъ́ркам (tǎ́rkam)
132to washми́я (míja)
133to wipeбъ́рша (bǎ́rša), три́я (tríja), тъ́ркам (tǎ́rkam)
134to pullдъ́рпам (dǎ́rpam), те́гля (téglja), вла́ча (vláča)
135to pushбу́там (bútam), блъ́скам (blǎ́skam), ти́кам (tíkam), тла́скам (tláskam)
136to throwхвъ́рлям (hvǎ́rljam), мя́там (mjátam)
137to tieвръ́звам (vrǎ́zvam), завъ́рзвам (zavǎ́rzvam)
138to sewши́я (šíja)
139to countброя́ (brojá), смя́там (smjátam), изчисля́вам (izčisljávam)
140to sayка́звам (kázvam)
141to singпе́я (péja)
142to playигра́я (igrája)
143to floatпла́вам (plávam)
144to flowтека́ (teká)
145to freezeзамръ́звам (zamrǎ́zvam), замразя́вам (zamrazjávam), заледя́вам (zaledjávam)
146to swellподу́вам се (podúvam se), оти́чам (otíčam)
147sunслъ́нце (slǎ́nce)
148moonлуна́ (luná), месечи́на (mesečína), ме́сец (mésec)
149starзвезда́ (zvezdá)
150waterвода́ (vodá)
151rainдъжд (dǎžd)
152riverрека́ (reká)
153lakeе́зеро (ézero)
154seaморе́ (moré)
155saltсол (sol)
156stoneка́мък (kámǎk)
157sandпя́сък (pjásǎk)
158dustпрах (prah)
159earthземя́ (zemjá), су́ша (súša)
160cloudо́блак (óblak)
161fogмъгла́ (mǎglá)
162skyнебе́ (nebé)
163windвя́тър (vjátǎr)
164snowсняг (snjag)
165iceлед (led)
166smokeпу́шек (púšek), дим (dim)
167fireо́гън (ógǎn)
168ashпе́пел (pépel)
169to burnгоря́ (gorjá)
170roadпът (pǎt)
171mountainпланина́ (planiná)
172redчерве́н (červén)
173greenзеле́н (zelén)
174yellowжълт (žǎlt)
175whiteбял (bjal)
176blackче́рен (čéren)
177nightнощ (nošt)
178dayден (den)
179yearгоди́на (godína)
180warmто́пъл (tópǎl)
181coldстуде́н (studén), хла́ден (hláden)
182fullпъ́лен (pǎ́len), цял (cjal)
183newнов (nov)
184oldстар (star)
185goodдобъ́р (dobǎ́r)
186badлош (loš)
187rottenгнил (gnil)
188dirtyмръ́сен (mrǎ́sen), нечи́ст (nečíst)
189straightправ (prav), пряк (prjak)
190roundкръ́гъл (krǎ́gǎl)
191sharp (as a knife)о́стър (óstǎr)
192dull (as a knife)тъп (tǎp)
193smoothгла́дък (gládǎk)
194wetмо́кър (mókǎr), вла́жен (vlážen)
195dryсух (suh)
196correctпра́вилен (právilen), ве́рен (véren), то́чен (tóčen)
197nearбли́зък (blízǎk)
198farдале́чен (daléčen)
199rightде́сен (désen)
200leftляв (ljav)
201atдо (do), на (na)
202inв (v), у (u)
203withс (s)
204andи (i)
205ifако (ako)
206becauseзащо́то (zaštóto), поне́же (ponéže), тъ́й като (tǎ́j kato)
207nameи́ме (íme)
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