Appendix:Burushaski Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Burushaski, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishBurushaski
edit (202)
1I (1sg)ja
2you (2sg)un
3he, she, it (3sg)ne
4we (1pl)mi
5you (2pl)ma, oon
6they (3pl)wey, u
7thisguté
8thatte, se
9hereakhó
10thereto
11whomen
12whatbo
13whereaney
14whenbasha
15howbolotom
16notbe
17allsaoh, khol, czeek
18manybot
19somemarkaam, kaaman
20fewfookan, fofookan
21otheryata
22onehen
23twoaltán
24threeiské
25fourwáltu
26fivecendó
27biguyúm, niyo
28longghosanom
29wideshoqom
30thickshoqom
31heavyczolom
32smallechoghon
33shortgaganom
34narrowglinom
35thinbeyenom
36womangus
37man (adult male)hir
38man (human being)ses
39childheles
40wifegos
41husbandoyohar
42mothernani, nana
43fathertati, tata
44animalhoyes
45fishchúmu
46birdczen
47doghuk
48louseha
49snaketoll
50wormghalgho
51treenosh
52forestjangle, gongo
53stickkona
54fruitmewa
55seedghono
56leaftap
57rootczeres
58bark (of a tree)szar
59flowerasqúr, gambori
60grassshiqá
61ropetete
62skinbat, wat
63meatchap
64bloodmoltan
65boneten
66fat (noun)bes
67eggtuma, tingan
68horntorr
69tailshilan
70featherfolgho
71hairbur
72headyates
73eartomal
74eyeelchi
75nosemosh
76mouthkhat
77toothmey
78tongue (organ)yomos
79fingernailooro
80foothotes
81legtang
82kneeonongos
83handren
84winggalgi
85bellyool
86gutscher, chering
87neckess
88backwaldes
89breastodel
90heartos
91livereken
92to drinkmen
93to eatsechom
94to bitegatichom
95to suckchoos
96to spitthoo
97to vomitoqq
98to blowphoolchom
99to breathehesz
100to laughghasichom
101to seeyeshom
102to heardokoyal
103to knowheyom
104to thinkdonesh
105to smellszoong
106to feargomalchom
107to sleepgochachom
108to livejee
109to dieyorchom
110to killesqayom
111to fightdohom
112to huntdast
113to hitdechom
114to cutkatar
115to splittapari
116to stab
117to scratchkhaworchom
118to digbirqaayom
119to swimminiyachom
120to flydowalchom
121to walkgoczarchom
122to comechorom
123to lie (as in a bed)faing echom
124to sithoroshom
125to standdeye chom
126to turn (intransitive)ewalrarkichom
127to fallwalchom
128to giveoochom, fat echom
129to holddohoyom
130to squeeze
131to rubczagham, baldan dechom
132to washhal chom
133to wipekhas echom
134to pulltash chom
135to pushthank echom
136to throwlip echom
137to tiegat echom
138to sewczapa yom
139to countyawochom
140to saygharing echom
141to singsee'm
142to playgirashom
143to float
144to flowhor chom
145to freezeguma mayum
146to swelldo hoqichom
147sunsa
148moonhalanz
149starasomoon
150watercel
151raindiyaarchom
152riversendey
153lakephari
154seasamandar
155saltbayoo
156stonedan
157sandsawo
158dustgert
159earthtik
160cloudharalt
161fogkhorong
162skyayash
163windtish
164snowgiye
165iceghamo
166smokethas
167firefooh
168ashqon
169to burngholchom
170roadgan
171mountainchar
172redbardom
173greentoq
174yelloweskaark
175whiteborom
176blackmatoom
177nightthap
178daygunc
179yearden
180warmgarom
181coldchaghúrum
182fullbir, hek
183newthosh
184oldmayen
185gooddaltás, showa
186badshom
187rottenghasom
188dirtytherkit
189straightczan
190roundlarokores
191sharp (as a knife)thakthak
192dull (as a knife)fat
193smoothsheghesom
194wetzah
195dryboyam
196correct
197nearasoor
198farmathan
199rightdomo
200leftghamo
201at-ce
202in-chi, ooley
203withkaat
204andka, kaat
205if
206becausebota siya
207nameyek
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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