Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property. Compare Proto-Iranian *-akah and Sanskrit -अक (-aka) formed in the same way.
Suffix
[edit]*-ъkъ m
- Forms diminutives from old u-stem nouns
- Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)
- Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from
- *pěsъkъ (“sand”)
- Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action
- Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action
- *pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)
- *do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)
- Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action
- Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er
- From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъci |
| genitive | *-ъka | *-ъku | *-ъkъ |
| dative | *-ъku | *-ъkoma | *-ъkomъ |
| accusative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъky |
| instrumental | *-ъkъmь, *-ъkomь* | *-ъkoma | *-ъky |
| locative | *-ъcě | *-ъku | *-ъcěxъ |
| vocative | *-ъče | *-ъka | *-ъci |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Etymology 2
[edit]Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).
Suffix
[edit]*-ъkъ
- From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y
- *kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)
- *nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)
- *slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)
- *goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)
- *tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
- Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)
- (Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets
Alternative forms
[edit]- *-ьkъ (when attached to yu-stems or spread from the ancient comparative in *-jьš-)
Declension
[edit]Indefinite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъko |
| genitive | *-ъka | *-ъky | *-ъka |
| dative | *-ъku | *-ъcě | *-ъku |
| accusative | *-ъkъ | *-ъkǫ | *-ъko |
| instrumental | *-ъkomь | *-ъkojǫ | *-ъkomь |
| locative | *-ъcě | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
| vocative | *-ъče | *-ъko | *-ъko |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
| genitive | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
| dative | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
| accusative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
| instrumental | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
| locative | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
| vocative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
| genitive | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ |
| dative | *-ъkomъ | *-ъkamъ | *-ъkomъ |
| accusative | *-ъky | *-ъky | *-ъka |
| instrumental | *-ъky | *-ъkami | *-ъky |
| locative | *-ъcěxъ | *-ъkaxъ | *-ъcěxъ |
| vocative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Definite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
| genitive | *-ъkajego | *-ъkyję̇ | *-ъkajego |
| dative | *-ъkujemu | *-ъcěji | *-ъkujemu |
| accusative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkoje |
| instrumental | *-ъkyjimь | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkyjimь |
| locative | *-ъcějemь | *-ъcěji | *-ъcějemь |
| vocative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
| genitive | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
| dative | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
| accusative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
| instrumental | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
| locative | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
| vocative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję̇ | *-ъkaja |
| genitive | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ |
| dative | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ |
| accusative | *-ъkyję̇ | *-ъkyję̇ | *-ъkaja |
| instrumental | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi |
| locative | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ |
| vocative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję̇ | *-ъkaja |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
[edit]- Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies[1] (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
- Halla-aho, Jussi (2006) Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology: On the Basis of Old Church Slavic (Slavica Helsingiensia; 26), Helsinki: University of Helsinki, page 100
Categories:
- Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic lemmas
- Proto-Slavic suffixes
- Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes
- Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes
- Proto-Slavic compound terms
- Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns
- Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns
- Proto-Slavic adjective-forming suffixes
- Proto-Slavic hard adjectives