fundo

See also: fundó

Catalan

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin fundus. Doublet of fono.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈfundo]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -undo
• Hyphenation: fun‧do

Noun

fundo (accusative singular fundon, plural fundoj, accusative plural fundojn)

1. bottom

Derived terms

• alfundigi (“to sink (transitive)”)
• alfundiĝi (“to sink (intransitive)”)
• senfunda (“bottomless”)

Galician

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

Interlingua

Noun

fundo (plural fundos)

1. base, bottom

Japanese

Romanization

fundo

1. Rōmaji transcription of ふんど

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈfun.doː/, [ˈfʊn̪d̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈfun.do/, [ˈfun̪d̪o]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *hundō or possibly *hʷundō (with fūsus for *fussus after fūdī), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰu-né-d(H)-ti, from the root *ǵʰew-d(H)- (“to pour”), extended from *ǵʰew-.

The change h- > f- is irregular (before -u-? Weiss, Outline, p. 77f.) and could be explained by a variant *hʷundō. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō) and Old English ġēotan. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

fundō (present infinitive fundere, perfect active fūdī, supine fūsum); third conjugation, limited passive

1. (transitive) to pour out, shed

   Synonyms: effundō, confundō, diffundō, dēfundō, differō, indūcō, sternō, dissipō

2. (military) to overthrow, overcome, rout, vanquish an enemy, rout, scatter

   Synonyms: conquestō, dēvincō, vincō, superō, domō, prōflīgō, caedō, obruō, prōsternō, sternō, opprimō, ēvincō, exsuperō, pellō, impellō, subiciō, premō, subigō, dissipō

3. to throw or cast to the ground, prostrate

   Synonyms: prōsternō, sternō, prōflīgō, ruō

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.192–193:

     nec prius absistit quam septem ingentia victor
     corpora fundat humī et numerum cum nāvibus aequet.

     Nor does it stop before [Aeneas], [as] victor, throws seven huge bodies to the ground, and equals the number with his ships.
     (The deer hunt shows Aeneas’s potential to be a military leader; note Virgil’s use of the present anticipatory subjunctive – “fundat” and “aequet” – to express purposeful actions.)

4. (transitive) to found, make by smelting
5. (transitive, figuratively) to moisten, wet
6. (transitive) to extend, spread out

   Synonym: sternō

7. (transitive) to utter

Conjugation

   Conjugation of fundō (third conjugation, only third-person forms in passive)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	fundō	fundis	fundit	fundimus	funditis	fundunt
	imperfect	fundēbam	fundēbās	fundēbat	fundēbāmus	fundēbātis	fundēbant
	future	fundam	fundēs	fundet	fundēmus	fundētis	fundent
	perfect	fūdī	fūdistī	fūdit	fūdimus	fūdistis	fūdērunt, fūdēre
	pluperfect	fūderam	fūderās	fūderat	fūderāmus	fūderātis	fūderant
	future perfect	fūderō	fūderis	fūderit	fūderimus	fūderitis	fūderint
passive	present	—	—	funditur	—	—	funduntur
	imperfect	—	—	fundēbātur	—	—	fundēbantur
	future	—	—	fundētur	—	—	fundentur
	perfect	—	—	fūsus est	—	—	fūsī sunt
	pluperfect	—	—	fūsus erat	—	—	fūsī erant
	future perfect	—	—	fūsus erit	—	—	fūsī erunt
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	fundam	fundās	fundat	fundāmus	fundātis	fundant
imperfect	funderem	funderēs	funderet	funderēmus	funderētis	funderent
perfect	fūderim	fūderīs	fūderit	fūderīmus	fūderītis	fūderint
pluperfect	fūdissem	fūdissēs	fūdisset	fūdissēmus	fūdissētis	fūdissent
passive	present	—	—	fundātur	—	—	fundantur
imperfect	—	—	funderētur	—	—	funderentur
perfect	—	—	fūsus sit	—	—	fūsī sint
pluperfect	—	—	fūsus esset, fūsus foret	—	—	fūsī essent, fūsī forent
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	funde	—	—	fundite	—
	future	—	funditō	funditō	—	funditōte	funduntō
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		fundere	fūdisse	fūsūrum esse	fundī	fūsum esse	fūsum īrī
participles		fundēns	—	fūsūrus	—	fūsus	fundendus, fundundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		fundendī	fundendō	fundendum	fundendō	fūsum	fūsū

Derived terms

• adfundō
• circumfundō
• cōnfundō
• dēfundō
• diffundō
• effundō
• fundibulum
• fūsiō
• fūsus
• īnfundō
• interfundō
• offundō
• perfundō
• praefundō
• prōfundō
• refundō
• suffundō
• superfundō
• trānsfundō

Descendants

• Catalan: fondre
• French: fondre
• Friulian: fondi
• Italian: fondere
• Old Galician-Portuguese: fondir
• Sardinian: fundere
• Sicilian: fùnniri
• Spanish: hundir
• Venetan: fóndar

Possible Latinisms:

• → Asturian: fundir
• → Galician: fundir
• → Portuguese: fundir
• → Spanish: fundir

Early borrowings:

• → Proto-Brythonic: *fünnɨd
  • Breton: fennañ
  • Middle Welsh: ffynny
    • Welsh: ffynnu

References

• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• fundo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• fundo in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the earth brings forth fruit abundantly: terra fundit fruges
    
  • to write poetry with facility: carmina , versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50)
    
  • property in land; real property: fundi
    
  • to rout the enemy's forces: fundere hostium copias
    
  • to utterly rout the enemy: caedere et fundere hostem
    
  • to utterly rout the enemy: fundere et fugare hostem
    
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “fŭndere”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 3: D–F, page 863

Etymology 2

From fundus (“bottom, lowest point”).

Verb

fundō (present infinitive fundāre, perfect active fundāvī, supine fundātum); first conjugation

1. (transitive) to found, establish, lay the foundation

   Synonyms: exaedificō, inaedificō, aedificō, condō, struō, cōnstruō, compōnō, cōnstituō, statuō, mōlior

2. (transitive, figuratively) to secure, make firm

Conjugation

   Conjugation of fundō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	fundō	fundās	fundat	fundāmus	fundātis	fundant
	imperfect	fundābam	fundābās	fundābat	fundābāmus	fundābātis	fundābant
	future	fundābō	fundābis	fundābit	fundābimus	fundābitis	fundābunt
	perfect	fundāvī	fundāvistī	fundāvit	fundāvimus	fundāvistis	fundāvērunt, fundāvēre
	pluperfect	fundāveram	fundāverās	fundāverat	fundāverāmus	fundāverātis	fundāverant
	future perfect	fundāverō	fundāveris	fundāverit	fundāverimus	fundāveritis	fundāverint
passive	present	fundor	fundāris, fundāre	fundātur	fundāmur	fundāminī	fundantur
	imperfect	fundābar	fundābāris, fundābāre	fundābātur	fundābāmur	fundābāminī	fundābantur
	future	fundābor	fundāberis, fundābere	fundābitur	fundābimur	fundābiminī	fundābuntur
	perfect	fundātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	fundātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	fundātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	fundem	fundēs	fundet	fundēmus	fundētis	fundent
imperfect	fundārem	fundārēs	fundāret	fundārēmus	fundārētis	fundārent
perfect	fundāverim	fundāverīs	fundāverit	fundāverīmus	fundāverītis	fundāverint
pluperfect	fundāvissem	fundāvissēs	fundāvisset	fundāvissēmus	fundāvissētis	fundāvissent
passive	present	funder	fundēris, fundēre	fundētur	fundēmur	fundēminī	fundentur
imperfect	fundārer	fundārēris, fundārēre	fundārētur	fundārēmur	fundārēminī	fundārentur
perfect	fundātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	fundātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	fundā	—	—	fundāte	—
	future	—	fundātō	fundātō	—	fundātōte	fundantō
passive	present	—	fundāre	—	—	fundāminī	—
	future	—	fundātor	fundātor	—	—	fundantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		fundāre	fundāvisse	fundātūrum esse	fundārī	fundātum esse	fundātum īrī
participles		fundāns	—	fundātūrus	—	fundātus	fundandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		fundandī	fundandō	fundandum	fundandō	fundātum	fundātū

Derived terms

• fundātus

Descendants

• Catalan: fonar
• Friulian: fondâ
• Italian: fondare
• Occitan: fondar
• Old French: funder
  • French: fonder
  • → German: fundieren
  • → Middle Breton: fondaff
  • → Middle English: founden
    • English: found
• Romansch: fondar
• Sardinian: fundare
• Venetan: fondar
• → Catalan: fundar
• → Danish: fundere
• → Esperanto: fundo
• → Portuguese: fundar
• → Spanish: fundar
• → Swedish: fundera

Noun

fundō

1. dative/ablative singular of fundus

References

• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• fundo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “fŭndare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 3: D–F, page 863

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfũ.du/

• Rhymes: -ũdu

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese fundo, fondo, from Latin fundus (“bottom”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

Adjective

fundo (feminine funda, masculine plural fundos, feminine plural fundas)

1. deep (having its bottom far down)

   Synonym: profundo

   Antonyms: raso, superficial

Derived terms

• pisar fundo

 

Noun

fundo m (plural fundos)

1. bottom

   Antonyms: cume, superfície, topo

2. background (a part of the picture that depicts scenery to the rear or behind the main subject)
3. fund
4. (finance, insurance) capital (money and wealth)
5. (sports) long-distance

Derived terms

• do fundo do coração
• fundão
• fundinho
• fundo de investimento
• fundo do poço
• meio-fundo
• pano de fundo
• plano de fundo
• toda brincadeira tem um fundo de verdade

 

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

   fundo uma instituição ― I am founding an institution

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

   fundo ouro ― I am smelting gold

Further reading

• “fundo”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
• “fundo”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfundo/ [ˈfũn̪.d̪o]
• Rhymes: -undo
• Syllabification: fun‧do

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin fundus. Doublet of fondo.

Noun

fundo m (plural fundos)

1. country estate, farm

   Synonym: finca

   • 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 197:

     La primitiva dueña de este fundo, una señora viuda de mucha virtud, hermosura y dinero, buscando la manera unir ambas secciones de su propiedad, pactó con el Diablo la construcción del puente dicho.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

Further reading

• “fundo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Swahili

fundo

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfuⁿ.dɔ/

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

fundo class V (plural mafundo class VI)

1. a knot (looping of string)
2. a joint of the body
3. a cluster (group or bunch of things)