Appendix:Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions
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Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions:
Foley (2005)
[edit]A phonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).[1]
| gloss | proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay | Watam | Kaian | Gamay | Bosmun | Awar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | *kaku | kaku | kaku | kabe | koku | mbɨnə |
| two | *mbuniŋ | mbwoini | mbuniŋ | mbuniŋ | mbuniŋ | mbuni |
| three | giramot | giramaut | mbonkak | bonkak | mbribin | |
| person | *namot | namot | namot | ramot | mot | mot |
| woman/mother | aem | meak | meak | mes/mam | məri/mam | |
| father | aes | aes | aet | sate | sat | |
| water | arum | ŋarum | puk | mok | mok | |
| fire | *s(u)ək | sak | sak | tak | suək | suək |
| sun | *ra(u) | nau/ra | ra | ra | lau | rau |
| moon | *kər(v)i | ndoŋar | kare | karvɨi | kərvi | kəri |
| star | gwi | gwae | gwi | ɲjem | pot | |
| canoe | *kor | kor | kor | kor | kor | kor |
| house | endau | endau | kak | tomuŋ | to | |
| village | n(a)oŋ | noŋ | auŋ | wunis | ŋuni | |
| breast | *mɨr | mur | mur | mɨr | mɨr | mɨr |
| tooth | *nda(r) | ndakai | ndakai | ndar | dar | ndar |
| blood | rumb | yakaind | rakaind | nimbit | rerik | |
| bone | *ɣar | gagar | gagar | gagar | ɣar | ɣarɣar |
| tongue | *mi(m) | mi | memraŋ | mim | eitap | ɲjiekpun |
| ear | *kwar | kwar | kwar | kwar | kur | kur |
| eye | *rəmeak | namak | rameak | lamŋeak | rəmak | rəmaʔ |
| nose | *ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum |
| leg | *or ? | or | or | or | or | rue |
| hair | mbunat | sabrit | yakwar | twakarɨ | dəmbar | |
| egg | yor | yor | lor | nuok | nuʔ | |
| bird | *ŋgwarak | ŋgorak | ŋgorak | ŋgorak | gwarak | ŋgorak |
| leaf | *(ra)par | rapar | rapar | rapar | par | par |
| tree | padoŋ | paraŋ | ik | kən | kən | |
| yesterday | *ɣur | ŋur | ŋaup | ŋaur | ɣur | gur |
| tomorrow | *ɣurap ? | ŋarap | ŋorap | ŋorap | vuarap | gurap |
| oar | *anup | anup | anup | nup | nuap | nop |
| betelnut | *mbok | meɲjak | mbok | mbok | mbok | mbok |
| lime | *awi(r) | ai | aipak | avir | verpak | virwa |
| sago | *veak | wak | weak | veak | ves | vek |
| pig | *rəkəm | markum | markum | markəm | rəkəm | rəgəm |
| crocodile | namkai | nomgai | mugmai | ŋgome | ŋgumi | |
| snake | *ndop | mindop | mindop | nduop | ndup | kondok |
| name | *ɣi | wi | wi | i | ji | gi |
| mosquito | *ŋgit | naŋgit | naŋgit | ŋgit | ɲjet | ŋget |
| ground | wakar | wakar | tiakar | tesin | terik | |
| feces | *yu/o | yo | yupak | lo | yuwur | ɲjit |
| hear | *varak | warak | warak | warak | vai | vai |
| hit | ruŋ | pi | pi | ŋara | ŋa | |
| eat | *amb | amb | amb | amb | mba | mba |
| go | *saŋg | saŋg | saŋg | taŋg | saŋg | saŋg |
| come | *kɨp | rukup | rukup | kɨp | kɨp | kɨp |
| sit | *mbirak | mbirak | mbirak | mbirak | berak | mbirak |
| stand | *-tik | utik | utik | wɨtɨk | tis | tik |
| big | nakan | aneak | aɲek | ɣor | vret | |
| good | *ya(o)ŋ | yaoŋ | yaoŋ | laŋ | yaŋ | yandi |
| black | *mbəkmbək | mbukmbuk | mbukmbuk | mbəkmbək | bəkbək | mbəkmbək |
| hot | wiwi | wai | ovai | vɨvi | gɨgɨr | |
| cold | gagau | gagau | gagau | ɣiɣiat | rivut |
Comparisons
[edit]Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four other Ramu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: the w:Misegian languages Kire and Mikarew, and the Tanggu languages Tangu and Igom.[1]
| gloss | proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay | Kire | Mikarew | Tangu | Igom |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | *kaku | ibabira | aməra | wunwan | unuʔaka |
| two | *mbuniŋ | pʰunini | poni | munai | mokupea |
| three | pʰuni | pomənimkasam | munainwan | mokupea unuʔa | |
| person | *namot | guma | guma | wanik | wuɣu |
| woman/mother | mbik | aim/ami | məin | məin | |
| father | ndia | apisi | yavai | yap | |
| water | mbɨ | cup | niam | niam | |
| fire | *s(u)ək | vap | ariv | ruwuv/rogup | lugu |
| sun | *ra(u) | ra | are | gar | ŋgar |
| moon | *kər(v)i | kəniŋ | ekini | mənam | mənam |
| star | kam | mukope | riyɨndɨk | likian | |
| canoe | *kor | kem | agiam | ||
| house | vun/pen | tɨpeŋ | taŋ | taŋ | |
| village | ŋgu | uŋip | məŋ | miaŋ | |
| breast | *mɨr | ta | ote | ŋgyuav | gii |
| tooth | *nda(r) | thar | atarim | andar | dər |
| blood | vusun | wusi | irien | məy | |
| bone | *ɣar | xar | aɣar | ɣavaŋ | ɣavaŋ |
| tongue | *mi(m) | ze | mɨzm | mamiakɨ | mimiaŋ |
| ear | *kwar | kwar | kwar | wukwar | ɣukwar |
| eye | *rəmeak | rumaʔ | tama | raik | raik |
| nose | *ŋgum | kwom | winiba | munwam | eɲjia |
| leg | *or ? | ruu | sue | miɲaŋ | mbwan |
| hair | rugun | tapanari | ɣasia/ŋgasia | rɨgesn | |
| egg | rer | aror | mɨnduapen | warɨan | |
| bird | *ŋgwarak | kworak | kwara | ŋgwarak | ŋgwarak |
| leaf | *(ra)par | far | tafarim | rapar | pat |
| tree | kʰa | tep | gək | ɣək | |
| yesterday | *ɣur | gurmun | pɨkɨm | ruar | mugisi |
| tomorrow | *ɣurap ? | gurmun | kuromu | wumasan | mom |
| oar | *anup | (n)dab | iŋgap | ||
| betelnut | *mbok | puk | mis | miak | miak |
| lime | *awi(r) | rwi | iwim | uwuren | uɣum |
| sago | *veak | vik | wisim | giav/ŋiav | yaŋgia |
| pig | *rəkəm | dam | ta | ram | ram |
| crocodile | kum | koa | viari | laisaŋ | |
| snake | *ndop | kuruk | kuru | kyuok | kiak |
| name | *ɣi | zin | izi | rigiav | rigiaŋ |
| mosquito | *ŋgit | ket | ci | ŋgwan | gwan |
| ground | nwiaʔan | ŋwas | nduv | ʃa | |
| feces | *yu/o | vi(r) | buarim | gavig | miɲaŋ |
| hear | *varak | mbara? | orak | vara/bara | mwiari |
| hit | soʔ | sos | ŋak | mənaramu | |
| eat | *amb | mbɨ | tama | ɣam/mi | kam |
| go | *saŋg | vu/ŋgu | usi | maŋ/wugi | gi |
| come | *kɨp | zə | si/sa | iɣ/giji | karigi |
| sit | *mbirak | peraʔ | apria | ipi/pindi | pwiaŋge |
| stand | *-tik | tʰək | cu | ɣambi/ləmbe | rambia |
| big | bakume | aruʔa | ruma/arum | arum | |
| good | *ya(o)ŋ | vuŋ | aŋwi | swari/ara | yara |
| black | *mbəkmbək | pək | pək | ŋes/nəs | ŋiatʃ |
| hot | qurgur | fei | uŋtiki | varip |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.
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