Appendix:Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions

Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions:

Foley (2005)

A phonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).^[1]

gloss	proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay	Watam	Kaian	Gamay	Bosmun	Awar
one	*kaku	kaku	kaku	kabe	koku	mbɨnə
two	*mbuniŋ	mbwoini	mbuniŋ	mbuniŋ	mbuniŋ	mbuni
three		giramot	giramaut	mbonkak	bonkak	mbribin
person	*namot	namot	namot	ramot	mot	mot
woman/mother		aem	meak	meak	mes/mam	məri/mam
father		aes	aes	aet	sate	sat
water		arum	ŋarum	puk	mok	mok
fire	*s(u)ək	sak	sak	tak	suək	suək
sun	*ra(u)	nau/ra	ra	ra	lau	rau
moon	*kər(v)i	ndoŋar	kare	karvɨi	kərvi	kəri
star		gwi	gwae	gwi	ɲjem	pot
canoe	*kor	kor	kor	kor	kor	kor
house		endau	endau	kak	tomuŋ	to
village		n(a)oŋ	noŋ	auŋ	wunis	ŋuni
breast	*mɨr	mur	mur	mɨr	mɨr	mɨr
tooth	*nda(r)	ndakai	ndakai	ndar	dar	ndar
blood		rumb	yakaind	rakaind	nimbit	rerik
bone	*ɣar	gagar	gagar	gagar	ɣar	ɣarɣar
tongue	*mi(m)	mi	memraŋ	mim	eitap	ɲjiekpun
ear	*kwar	kwar	kwar	kwar	kur	kur
eye	*rəmeak	namak	rameak	lamŋeak	rəmak	rəmaʔ
nose	*ŋgum	ŋgum	ŋgum	ŋgum	ŋgum	ŋgum
leg	*or ?	or	or	or	or	rue
hair		mbunat	sabrit	yakwar	twakarɨ	dəmbar
egg		yor	yor	lor	nuok	nuʔ
bird	*ŋgwarak	ŋgorak	ŋgorak	ŋgorak	gwarak	ŋgorak
leaf	*(ra)par	rapar	rapar	rapar	par	par
tree		padoŋ	paraŋ	ik	kən	kən
yesterday	*ɣur	ŋur	ŋaup	ŋaur	ɣur	gur
tomorrow	*ɣurap ?	ŋarap	ŋorap	ŋorap	vuarap	gurap
oar	*anup	anup	anup	nup	nuap	nop
betelnut	*mbok	meɲjak	mbok	mbok	mbok	mbok
lime	*awi(r)	ai	aipak	avir	verpak	virwa
sago	*veak	wak	weak	veak	ves	vek
pig	*rəkəm	markum	markum	markəm	rəkəm	rəgəm
crocodile		namkai	nomgai	mugmai	ŋgome	ŋgumi
snake	*ndop	mindop	mindop	nduop	ndup	kondok
name	*ɣi	wi	wi	i	ji	gi
mosquito	*ŋgit	naŋgit	naŋgit	ŋgit	ɲjet	ŋget
ground		wakar	wakar	tiakar	tesin	terik
feces	*yu/o	yo	yupak	lo	yuwur	ɲjit
hear	*varak	warak	warak	warak	vai	vai
hit		ruŋ	pi	pi	ŋara	ŋa
eat	*amb	amb	amb	amb	mba	mba
go	*saŋg	saŋg	saŋg	taŋg	saŋg	saŋg
come	*kɨp	rukup	rukup	kɨp	kɨp	kɨp
sit	*mbirak	mbirak	mbirak	mbirak	berak	mbirak
stand	*-tik	utik	utik	wɨtɨk	tis	tik
big		nakan	aneak	aɲek	ɣor	vret
good	*ya(o)ŋ	yaoŋ	yaoŋ	laŋ	yaŋ	yandi
black	*mbəkmbək	mbukmbuk	mbukmbuk	mbəkmbək	bəkbək	mbəkmbək
hot		wiwi	wai	ovai	vɨvi	gɨgɨr
cold		gagau	gagau	gagau	ɣiɣiat	rivut

Comparisons

Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four other Ramu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: the w:Misegian languages Kire and Mikarew, and the Tanggu languages Tangu and Igom.^[1]

gloss	proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay	Kire	Mikarew	Tangu	Igom
one	*kaku	ibabira	aməra	wunwan	unuʔaka
two	*mbuniŋ	pʰunini	poni	munai	mokupea
three		pʰuni	pomənimkasam	munainwan	mokupea unuʔa
person	*namot	guma	guma	wanik	wuɣu
woman/mother		mbik	aim/ami	məin	məin
father		ndia	apisi	yavai	yap
water		mbɨ	cup	niam	niam
fire	*s(u)ək	vap	ariv	ruwuv/rogup	lugu
sun	*ra(u)	ra	are	gar	ŋgar
moon	*kər(v)i	kəniŋ	ekini	mənam	mənam
star		kam	mukope	riyɨndɨk	likian
canoe	*kor	kem	agiam
house		vun/pen	tɨpeŋ	taŋ	taŋ
village		ŋgu	uŋip	məŋ	miaŋ
breast	*mɨr	ta	ote	ŋgyuav	gii
tooth	*nda(r)	thar	atarim	andar	dər
blood		vusun	wusi	irien	məy
bone	*ɣar	xar	aɣar	ɣavaŋ	ɣavaŋ
tongue	*mi(m)	ze	mɨzm	mamiakɨ	mimiaŋ
ear	*kwar	kwar	kwar	wukwar	ɣukwar
eye	*rəmeak	rumaʔ	tama	raik	raik
nose	*ŋgum	kwom	winiba	munwam	eɲjia
leg	*or ?	ruu	sue	miɲaŋ	mbwan
hair		rugun	tapanari	ɣasia/ŋgasia	rɨgesn
egg		rer	aror	mɨnduapen	warɨan
bird	*ŋgwarak	kworak	kwara	ŋgwarak	ŋgwarak
leaf	*(ra)par	far	tafarim	rapar	pat
tree		kʰa	tep	gək	ɣək
yesterday	*ɣur	gurmun	pɨkɨm	ruar	mugisi
tomorrow	*ɣurap ?	gurmun	kuromu	wumasan	mom
oar	*anup	(n)dab			iŋgap
betelnut	*mbok	puk	mis	miak	miak
lime	*awi(r)	rwi	iwim	uwuren	uɣum
sago	*veak	vik	wisim	giav/ŋiav	yaŋgia
pig	*rəkəm	dam	ta	ram	ram
crocodile		kum	koa	viari	laisaŋ
snake	*ndop	kuruk	kuru	kyuok	kiak
name	*ɣi	zin	izi	rigiav	rigiaŋ
mosquito	*ŋgit	ket	ci	ŋgwan	gwan
ground		nwiaʔan	ŋwas	nduv	ʃa
feces	*yu/o	vi(r)	buarim	gavig	miɲaŋ
hear	*varak	mbara?	orak	vara/bara	mwiari
hit		soʔ	sos	ŋak	mənaramu
eat	*amb	mbɨ	tama	ɣam/mi	kam
go	*saŋg	vu/ŋgu	usi	maŋ/wugi	gi
come	*kɨp	zə	si/sa	iɣ/giji	karigi
sit	*mbirak	peraʔ	apria	ipi/pindi	pwiaŋge
stand	*-tik	tʰək	cu	ɣambi/ləmbe	rambia
big		bakume	aruʔa	ruma/arum	arum
good	*ya(o)ŋ	vuŋ	aŋwi	swari/ara	yara
black	*mbəkmbək	pək	pək	ŋes/nəs	ŋiatʃ
hot		qurgur	fei	uŋtiki	varip

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.

Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages
Papuan
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep
Australian
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda
Others
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan

[Foley-Sepik-Ramu-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.

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