Appendix:Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions
Appearance
Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions:[1]
O'Grady (1966)
[edit]Reconstructions of Proto-Ngayarda proposed by O'Grady (1966):
No. | English gloss | Proto-Ngayarda |
---|---|---|
101 | emu | *canku.n̩a |
102 | kookaburra | *caru |
103 | arm, upper; elbow | *ciḷi |
104 | big | *ciḷi.ra |
105 | blunt; dull | *cin̯t̯aṇ |
106 | east; north; east | *ciŋka; *ciŋka.yi; ciŋka.rka |
107 | pelican | *ciRu.ṇa |
108 | wait | *cit̯ari- |
109 | eye | *cita.mara |
110 | smoke | *cucu |
111 | all | *culu |
112 | to return | *kaḷi.ñca.ri- |
113 | kidney | *kaḷi.piri |
114 | to climb, rise | *kaḷpa- |
115 | to carry | *kaḷpa-(L) |
116 | tree | *kaṇṭi |
117 | loose | *kankal |
118 | knee | *kaŋku |
119 | thicket | *kara |
120 | hit | *kata.ma-(L)- |
121 | mosquito | *kumiṇ |
122 | brain | *kuṇṭu¹ |
123 | round | *kuRu-kuRu |
124 | star | *kuṭala |
125 | root | *mal̯a |
126 | lazy; tired | *maḷi |
127 | honey | *maḷi.ya |
128 | good | *maḷku.ra |
129 | knee | *maṇpur |
130 | son | *mañka |
131 | wing | *mara |
132 | blood | *mata |
133 | red | *maṭa-maṭa |
134 | food | *maṭu.miri |
135 | father’s father | *mayi.ḷi |
136 | paperbark | *miḷi |
137 | groin | *miḷka |
138 | to lick | *mila-(L)- |
139 | fingernail; toenail | *milcu |
140 | semen | *min̯a |
141 | by-and-by | *miṇa.wara |
142 | to hit with a missile; to shoot | *miṇṭil̄.(S)-(L)- |
143 | clitoris | *miṇṭin |
144 | fingernail | *miṇṭu |
145 | steal | *muca-(L)- |
146 | cave | *muli |
147 | back | *muru |
148 | bite; drink | *n̯an̯t̯a-(L)- |
149 | ground | *n̯aṇu |
150 | hair, pubic | *n̯añi |
151 | hair, pubic | *ñalu |
152 | this | *ñiya |
153 | loose; soft | *ñulu |
154 | copulate with | *ŋal̯a-(L)- |
155 | liver | *ŋalka.Ri |
156 | liver | *ŋama.ri |
157 | tobacco | *ŋama.Ri |
158 | excrement; ground | *ŋan̯t̯a |
159 | turtle | *ŋaṭa.piri |
160 | star | *ŋuku |
161 | kangaroo, grey | *paci-wana.ra |
162 | break; come apart | *paka- |
163 | rub | *pal̯a.ma-(L)- |
164 | budgerigar; green | *pal̯a.ra |
165 | kangaroo, red | *palca.ri |
166 | winding; zigzag | *paḷin.paḷin; paḷi.paḷi |
167 | creek bank; sandhill | *pan̯t̯a |
168 | point of shoulder | *parka.Ra |
169 | long time | *paru.Ra |
170 | kneecap; pestle | *paru.Ru |
171 | blow; hit | *pata-(R-)- |
172 | feather | *paṭu¹ |
173 | turkey | *paṭu.ra |
174 | green | *pil̯u |
175 | grasshopper | *pinpi.la |
176 | star | *pinti.ri |
177 | food | *piṇṭu |
178 | afternoon | *piri.ŋka |
179 | thirsty | *piya |
180 | ax | *pulpur |
181 | smoke | *puḷkuṇ |
182 | ahead; first | *puḷu.Ra |
183 | deep; hole | *puṇṭa |
184 | full of holes | *puṇṭa-puṇṭa |
185 | by-and-by | *purpa |
186 | hairstring | *puru.Ru |
187 | sea | *puRi.ya |
188 | head | *put̯a |
189 | chest | *puṭu |
190 | hit | *t̯a-(L)- |
191 | rib | *t̯ampi |
192 | food; greedy | *t̯apat̯a |
193 | send | *t̯aya-(L)- |
194 | spear it | *t̯uukut̯a-(L)- |
195 | head | *t̯uRu |
196 | big | *t̯uta |
197 | wind | *t̯uṭa |
198 | kangaroo rat | *wacu.wara |
199 | opossum | *walki |
200 | heel | *waḷa¹ |
201 | lie (prevaricate) | *waḷa.waŋka- |
202 | lightning | *waḷi.piṭi |
203 | womb | *waḷka |
204 | snake | *waḷu |
205 | long | *wana.ra |
206 | bee | *wanpa.Ri |
207 | tree | *waṇṭa |
208 | fat; grease | *waṇṭu; ŋaṇṭu |
209 | hear | *wañapa.ri- |
210 | dog | *wañca |
211 | throat | *waŋkar |
212 | crow | *waŋki.ṇa |
213 | eaglehawk | *wari.ṭa |
214 | far | *warpa |
215 | black; night | *waru |
216 | ghost; spirit | *waru.ka |
217 | night | *waru-kaṭi |
218 | morning; tomorrow | *waru-ŋka-mu |
219 | flying fox | *waRa.muru.ŋka |
220 | yoke | *wiḷka.Ra |
221 | many | *win̯t̯a |
222 | run | *winpa- |
223 | wind | *wirpi |
224 | saliva; spit | *wit̯a |
225 | see | *wiya-(L)- |
226 | thigh | *wulu |
227 | south; west | *wuḷu.cu |
228 | river | *wuntu |
229 | tongue | *yal̯u.Ru |
230 | lick | *yal̯u-ṇṭa-(L)- |
231 | weak | *yalu.yalu |
232 | sun | *yaṇṭa |
233 | far | *yarka |
234 | alone; one | *yika |
235 | itch | *yimil.cari- |
236 | rain | *yuŋu |
237 | hair of head | *yurkuṇ |
238 | *maŋa | |
301 | rubbish | **cala |
302 | soon | **campa |
303 | lame; thigh | **canta |
304 | old woman | **caṇṭi.Ra |
305 | three | **carku.ṭi |
306 | blind; old woman | **caṭa |
307 | egg | **cimpu |
308 | fat; grease | **cinci |
309 | Willy Wagtail | **ciri.ciri |
310 | smoke | **cukuṇ |
311 | old man | **culu |
312 | ashes | **cuṇpa |
313 | brother, older | **kaca |
314 | mother’s brother | **kaka |
315 | fire; tree | **kaḷa |
316 | creek; root | **kaḷka |
317 | empty; hungry | **kamu |
318 | mother’s mother | **kan̯t̯a.ri |
319 | cry; tears | **kaṇṭa- |
320 | skin | **kaṇu |
321 | have; hold; keep | **kañi-(L)- |
322 | father’s mother | **kapa.ḷi |
323 | butterfly | **kapa.ḷi.pa.ḷi |
324 | skin | **kapuṇ |
325 | summer; sun | **karpu |
326 | kookaburra | **karu.palkan |
327 | bitter; salt | **kaRi |
328 | pierce | **kaṭa-(L)- |
329 | cheek; jaw; temple | **kaṭa.Ra |
330 | one | **kaya.nu |
331 | come here! | **kuka.yi |
332 | ear | **kuli.Ra |
333 | hear | **kuli.ya-(L)- |
334 | louse | **kulu |
335 | ear | **kuḷka |
336 | hair of head | **kuḷku.Ra |
337 | narrow | **kuḷpaṇ |
338 | hot; summer | **kuḷu |
339 | face | **kumpa |
340 | smoke | **kuṇku |
341 | daughter | **kuṇṭal |
342 | milk | **kuṇṭu² |
343 | one | **kuñci |
344 | dew | **kupi.la |
345 | small | **kupu |
346 | Pleiades | **kuri.kuri |
347 | south | **kuRi.la |
348 | short | **kuta |
349 | dead | **kutu |
350 | now; today | **kuwa.ri |
351 | tired; weak | **mal̯il.cari- |
352 | middle | **mal̯u |
353 | middle digit/sibling | **mal̯u.ṭa |
354 | sick | **mala.ra |
355 | hard | **mankar |
356 | meat | **mantu |
357 | buttocks; excrement | **maṇa |
358 | mark | **maṇi |
359 | stone | **maṇṭa |
360 | nest | **maŋka |
361 | doctor | **mapaṇ.kara |
362 | brother, younger | **marka.Ra |
363 | many | **maRu |
364 | right hand | **maya |
365 | egg; testicles | **mica |
366 | blood | **mici |
367 | ant, black | **miŋa |
368 | branch | **miRi |
369 | big | **mita.ḷi |
370 | no, not | **miṭa |
371 | old man | **miṭa.n̯a |
372 | dingo; dog | **muci |
373 | cooked; dead; meat; ripe | **mula |
374 | pregnant | **muḷku |
375 | cold; winter | **mut̯u |
376 | cool; evening | **mut̯u-mut̯u |
377 | run | **muṭi- |
378 | this | **n̯aˑ |
379 | cold | **n̯aka |
380 | nape | **n̯anka |
381 | mouth | **n̯ara |
382 | ankle; elbow | **n̯uku |
383 | dead | **n̯uṇṭi¹ |
384 | this | **n̯uṭu; n̯uṇu |
385 | slow | **ñaṇi |
386 | rib | **ñimi |
387 | we du excl | **ŋali.ya |
388 | belly | **ŋaḷu |
389 | neck | **ŋal̞i |
390 | a sore | **ŋaṇṭa |
391 | we pl incl | **ŋañcu |
392 | mother | **ŋaŋka |
393 | lie (recline) | **ŋari; ŋarpi- |
394 | person | **ŋaya.ṭa |
395 | he; that | **ŋun̯a; ŋun̯al; ŋun̯u |
396 | armpit | **ŋuna |
397 | he; that | **ŋuṇa |
398 | arm, lower | **paci |
399 | formerly | **pala |
400 | he; that | **palu; paṇu- |
401 | clear space; plain | **paḷka.ra |
402 | sky | **paḷpar |
403 | cliff; creek bank; stone | **paḷu |
404 | sit; stay | **panti- |
405 | sit | **paṇi- |
406 | water | **papa |
407 | shiver | **para.para.ri- |
408 | leaf | **parka |
409 | star | **paṭa.Ra |
410 | dry; river | **picu |
411 | marrow | **piḷpu |
412 | clitoris; vagina | **pila |
413 | red | **pila.ri |
414 | saw; scrape; strike (a match) | **pirpi-(L)- |
415 | cockatoo, white | **piṭi.ra |
416 | heart | **pula.ṭa |
417 | tobacco plug | **puḷku |
418 | desirous | **puḷpi |
419 | go | **puni- |
420 | dew; rainbow | **puñcan |
421 | four; three | **purku |
422 | heart | **puRi |
423 | sandhill | **puwa.ḷa |
424 | pet; tame; totem | **t̯alu |
425 | food | **t̯a.nuwa |
426 | enter; set | **t̯arpa- |
427 | bury; closed | **t̯aṭa.(S)-(L)- |
428 | fruit; sweet food | **t̯uku.ṭa |
429 | small | **t̯umpa |
430 | anus | **t̯umpu |
431 | laugh | **t̯uṇi- |
432 | down (inside); inside | **t̯uṇu.ŋka |
433 | ground | **t̯uŋka |
434 | correct; honest; straight; true/truth | **t̯urkuḷ |
435 | snake | **t̯uru |
436 | sister, older | **t̯uṭu |
437 | return; turn | **waka.ṭa.ri- |
438 | armpit | **waku |
439 | crow | **waˑku.ra |
440 | leaf; lungs | **wal̯aṇ |
441 | eaglehawk | **waḷa.ṭu |
442 | spearthrower | **waḷpa.ra |
443 | bad | **wali |
444 | alive; half-cooked; raw; uncooked | **wanka |
445 | elbow; mill, upper | **waṇku |
446 | hit | **waṇpi-(L)- |
447 | penis; tail | **waṇṭi |
448 | healthy; well | **wapa |
449 | grass | **warapa |
450 | fly (insect) | **wara.Ri |
451 | look for | **wat̯a.ri- |
452 | east; north | **waṭaḷ |
453 | woman | **waṭi.ra |
454 | fear; frighten | **waya.(S)-(L)- |
455 | moon | **wila.ra |
456 | cut | **wiṇṭa-(L)- |
457 | full | **wiña |
458 | play | **wiri.(S)- |
459 | climb | **wiṭa- |
460 | shield | **wuṇṭa |
461 | emu | **yali.piri |
462 | log; winnowing dish; yandying dish | **yanti |
463 | north; west | **yapul |
464 | north; sea breeze; west; westward | **yapu.ru |
465 | by-and-by | **yaṭi |
466 | now; today | **yica-la |
467 | new | **yica-ŋuRu |
468 | name | **yini |
469 | charcoal | **yinka |
470 | ashes | **yipa |
471 | afternoon | **yuka |
472 | dog | **yuku.ru |
473 | camp; ground | **yuḷu |
474 | noon; summer; sun | **yura |
601 | left hand | **campu |
602 | beard | **capu.ṭa |
603 | foot | **cina |
604 | east | **kaka.ra |
605 | burn | **kampa- |
606 | above; up | **kanka |
607 | fish | **kapi |
608 | stand | **kari- |
609 | urine | **kumpu |
610 | excrement | **kuna |
611 | spear | **kurca.ṭa |
612 | eye; seed | **kuRu |
613 | bone | **kut̯i |
614 | father | **mama |
615 | buttocks; hipbone | **mila |
616 | nose | **minta |
617 | clever; knowing | **mi.ṇu |
618 | spearthrower | **miru |
619 | face; nose | **mul̯a |
620 | eat | **muŋka-(L)- |
621 | anthill | **muŋku |
622 | spouse | **n̯upa |
623 | sit | **ñina- |
624 | drink; eat | **ŋa-(L)- |
625 | what; who | **ŋana |
626 | we pl excl | **ŋana.ṇa |
627 | what; who | **ŋani |
628 | beard | **ŋaṇka |
629 | cry | **ŋat̯i- |
630 | mother | **ŋat̯i |
631 | throw | **ŋayi-(L)- |
632 | fire | **ŋuca |
633 | camp | **ŋura |
634 | bite; drink; eat | **paca-(L)- |
635 | blind; sleep | **pampu |
636 | smell | **paṇṭi-(L)- |
637 | spinifex | **paRu |
638 | breast; mother | **pipi |
639 | bad; fire; rotten | **puka |
640 | drink; swim | **pun̯t̯a-(L)- |
641 | fall | **puŋka- |
642 | pull | **puri-(L)- |
643 | fire | **t̯ama |
644 | mouth | **t̯aRa |
645 | eye | **t̯uḷa |
646 | where | **wan̯t̯a |
647 | leave it; put | **wan̯t̯a-(R)- |
648 | fall | **waṇi- |
649 | language | **waŋka |
650 | speak | **waŋka- |
651 | east | **yacu |
652 | alike | **yiñca.Ra |
653 | path; road | **yiṭi.ya |
701 | two | **kut̯a.ra |
702 | pick it up; take | **ma-(N)- |
703 | hand | **maRa |
704 | see | **n̯a.ku- |
705 | you | **ñin.ta |
706 | you du | **ñu.palu; ñum.palu |
707 | you pl | **ŋu.ra |
708 | we du incl | **ŋa.li |
709 | I | **ŋa.yi; ŋa.t̯a |
710 | hit | **pu-(NG)- |
711 | tongue | **t̯a.lañ |
712 | go | **ya-(N)- |
713 | mouth; tooth | **yira |
714 | give | **yu-(NG)- |
801 | sun | **ciṇṭu |
802 | nape | **ciṭan |
803 | foot | **cuka.ra |
804 | moon | **curki.ṭa |
805 | emu | **kacalpu |
806 | smoke | **kacu |
807 | north; northeast | **kanim.para |
808 | wind | **kaṇa.ra |
809 | wrinkle | **kaṇpi |
810 | dog | **kapa.ḷa |
811 | west | **kaRa |
812 | hard; slip | **kaRar |
813 | far | **kat̯a |
814 | man; person; wife; woman | **kaṭu |
815 | egg; testicles | **kukul |
816 | one; together | **kuma |
817 | bone | **kuñca |
818 | asleep | **kupa.l̯a |
819 | magpie | **kurpa.ṭuṭu |
820 | eyeball; pupil | **kuRu.r |
821 | alone; ebb tide; lonely; one; sea | **kut̯u.ŋuru |
822 | head | **maka |
823 | long | **maka.nu |
824 | shade | **malu |
825 | return | **maḷa.ki- |
826 | man; person | **maḷpa |
827 | give; hand | **mañar.ka |
828 | sacred stones | **mapaṇ |
829 | snake | **mil̯u.Ra |
830 | chest | **mirpu |
831 | cloud; mislaid | **mucu |
832 | knee | **muṭi |
833 | tail | **n̯uṇṭi² |
834 | kill | **n̯uṇṭi¹-ma-(L)- |
835 | nose | **ñiŋku.ḷu |
836 | crazy; forget; heedless | **ŋawaṇ |
837 | moon; shine | **pan̯a-(L)- |
838 | head; reef | **paṇa |
839 | hot | **parpa |
840 | one; other | **paṭu² |
841 | cave; hole; mountain; star; stone | **piḷi |
842 | shine; twinkle | **pinpa- |
843 | beach; sand, white | **piṇṭi.Ri |
844 | a sore | **pita |
845 | eye; star | **piṭa |
846 | bend; stoop | **pupa- |
847 | smoke; spinifex | **puyu |
848 | carry; grasp; hand; take | **t̯aka-(L)- |
849 | mother’s father | **t̯ami |
850 | they | **t̯ana |
851 | tremble | **t̯ankaṇ.ki.ci- |
852 | far; sea | **t̯aṇa |
853 | back; carry on the back | **t̯aṇa- |
854 | leave it; put | **t̯u-(N)- |
855 | grave | **t̯uŋka.Ri |
856 | dog | **t̯ut̯u |
857 | push | **t̯ut̯u-(L)- |
858 | animal; fish; meat; snake | **waka.Ri |
859 | egg | **waḷa² |
860 | wind | **waḷpa |
861 | chest | **waṇkaṇ |
862 | hair of head | **warka.Ri |
863 | forehead | **waṭa |
864 | no, not; nothing | **waya |
865 | sinew; string | **wici |
866 | wind | **win̯t̯u |
867 | drink; water | **wula |
868 | sun; woman | **yaka.ra.ŋu |
869 | shield | **yara |
870 | sky | **yilka.Ri |
871 | elbow | **yiḷku |
872 | sharp; sharpen | **yiRi |
873 | foot; heel; metatarsus | **yuku |
References
[edit]- ^ O'Grady, Geoffrey N. 1966. Proto-Ngayarda Phonology. Oceanic Linguistics 5: 71-130.
Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
---|
Papuan |
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
Australian |
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
Others |
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |