Appendix:Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions
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Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions:
Foley (2005)
[edit]A phonological reconstruction of proto-Lower Sepik has been proposed by Foley (2005).[1] Foley's (2005) lexical reconstructions are provided below.
| gloss | proto-Lower Sepik | Yimas | Karawi | Chambri | Angrm | Murik | Kopar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | *mb(w)ia- | mpa- | mba- | mbwia- | mbia- | abe | mbatep |
| two | *ri-pa- | -rpal | ripay | -ri | -(lɨ)par | kobo | kombari |
| three | *-ram | -ramnaw | -rianmaw | -ram | -elɨm | keroŋgo | keremɨŋ |
| person | *nor | nar-maŋ | yarmasɨnar | noranan | nor | nor | |
| male | *pon | panmal | panmari | pondo | puin | ||
| woman | *ŋay | ŋay | asay | kaye | nuŋor | ŋai | nana |
| water | *arɨm | arɨm | arɨm | arɨm | alɨm | arɨm | arɨm |
| fire | *awr | awt | awi | ayɨr | aluŋ | awr | awr |
| sun | tɨmal | sɨmari | sɨnmari | mbwino | akɨn | akɨn | |
| moon | *m(w)il ? | mɨla | tuŋkwi | mwɨl | mɨle | karewan | karep |
| star | awak | suŋkwiɲcirim | suŋgwi | areɲjo | moai | kinaŋ | |
| canoe | *kay | kay | kay | ke | ke | gain | kain |
| house | nam | yam | kurɨr | nam | iran | indan | |
| village | *num | num | imuŋka | num | num | nomot | numot |
| breast | *nɨŋgay | nɨŋay | ɲjay | nɨŋke | ŋge | niŋgen | niŋgin |
| tooth | *sisiŋk ? | tɨrɨŋ | sɨsɨŋ | sraŋk | sisiŋ | asarap | asirap |
| blood | *ya- | yat | yay | yari | ayakone | yaran | yuwaran |
| bone | *sariŋamp | tanɨm | tanɨm | anamp | salɨŋ | sariŋib̩ | sarekimp |
| tongue | *minɨŋ | mɨɲɨŋ | mumɨɲɨŋ | tɨbulaniŋk | mɨnɨŋ | menɨŋ | mimiŋ |
| eye | *tambri | tuŋkuruŋ | sampɨs | sɨsiŋk | tambli | nabrin | nambrin |
| nose | tɨkay | ipun | wambusu | naŋɨm | daur | imbot | |
| leg | *namuŋk | pamuŋ | pamuŋ | namaŋk | namuŋ | namɨŋ | |
| hair | wapwi | wampi | yawi | mbwikmaley | dwar | ruar | |
| ear | *kwand- | kwantumuŋ | kwandukas | kukunam | kwandum | karekep | kundot |
| egg | *awŋ | awŋ | yawŋ | awŋk | awŋ | gaug | awŋ |
| leaf | *nɨmpramp | nɨmprɨm | yimprɨm | nɨmpramp | namblum | nabirɨk | nɨmbiraŋ |
| yesterday / tomorrow | *ŋarɨŋ | ŋarɨŋ | arɨŋ | namasɨnɨŋ | nakɨmɨn | ŋarɨŋ | rari |
| oar | *(mɨ)naŋ | muraŋ | mɨnaŋ | naŋk | inap | inaŋ | naŋ |
| betelnut | *poruŋ | patn | payn | muntɨkɨn | parɨŋ | porog | puruŋ |
| lime | *awi(r) | awi | as | ayɨr | awer | air | air |
| pig | *numpran | numpran | impian | numpran | imbar | nɨmbren | nɨmbren |
| crocodile | manpa | manpo | ayi | walami | oramen | uri | |
| snake | *wakɨn | wakɨn | wakɨn | wan | paruŋ | wakɨn | ikun |
| mosquito | *naŋgun | naŋkun | yaŋkun | naŋgun | wawarɨn | nauk | nangɨt |
| ground | *andi | anti | anti | nɨŋkrump | andi | agin | andin |
| feces | *mɨndi | mɨlɨm | mɨnti | muɲjar | mɨndi | mɨndɨn | mɨndɨ |
| hear | *and- | andɨ | andu | andɨ | andɨ | dɨn | nda |
| hit | *di | tupul | kurar | dɨɨ | ti | di | nɨŋ |
| eat | *am(b) | am(b) | am(b) | am(b) | am(b) | mɨn | ma |
| go | *wa | wa | kuria | kal | wa | on | wa |
| come | *ya | ya | kurapia | ya | ya | ya | ya |
| sit | *sa | tay | sa | nda | sa | nda | |
| big | *kupa | kɨpa | kupa | wupa | kupa | apo | kapu |
| cold | *sarV- | tarɨk | sarɨk | saruk | popant | sarapakin |
Comparisons with Tayap
[edit]The comparative vocabulary table below, adapted from Kulick and Terrill (2019: 11-12) and Foley (2005)[1], demonstrates the lexical aberrancy of Tayap as compared to the surrounding Lower Sepik languages.[2] Cultural vocabulary such as 'village', 'canoe', 'oar', and 'lime', as well as the words for 'water' and 'eat', are shared with Lower Sepik languages. The word 'moon' is also shared with Kopar. However, most basic vocabulary items have no cognates in surrounding languages.
| gloss | Tayap | proto-Lower Sepik | Kopar | Yimas | Karawi | Chambri | Angrm | Murik |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | nambar | *mb(w)ia- | mbatep | mpa- | mba- | mbwia- | mbia- | abe |
| two | sene | *ri-pa- | kombari | -rpal | ripay | -ri | -(lɨ)par | kobo |
| three | manaw | *-ram | keremɨŋ | -ramnaw | -rianmaw | -ram | -elɨm | keroŋgo |
| person | munje 'man' | *nor | nor | nar-maŋ | yarmasɨnar | noranan | nor | |
| male | mɨŋan | *pon | panmal | panmari | pondo | puin | ||
| woman | noŋor | *ŋay | nana | ŋay | asay | kaye | nuŋor | ŋai |
| water | awin | *arɨm | arɨm | arɨm | arɨm | arɨm | alɨm | arɨm |
| fire | otar | *awr | awr | awt | awi | ayɨr | aluŋ | awr |
| sun | arawer | akɨn | tɨmal | sɨmari | sɨnmari | mbwino | akɨn | |
| moon | karep | *m(w)il ? | karep | mɨla | tuŋkwi | mwɨl | mɨle | karewan |
| star | ŋgudum, ŋgoijam, popro | kinaŋ | awak | suŋkwiɲcirim | suŋgwi | areɲjo | moai | |
| canoe | kaikro, kaisar | *kay | kain | kay | kay | ke | ke | gain |
| house | njam | indan | nam | yam | kurɨr | nam | iran | |
| village | num | *num | numot | num | imuŋka | num | num | nomot |
| breast | min | *nɨŋgay | niŋgin | nɨŋay | ɲjay | nɨŋke | ŋge | niŋgen |
| tooth | rewi | *sisiŋk ? | asirap | tɨrɨŋ | sɨsɨŋ | sraŋk | sisiŋ | asarap |
| blood | and | *ya- | yuwaran | yat | yay | yari | ayakone | yaran |
| bone | nɨŋg | *sariŋamp | sarekimp | tanɨm | tanɨm | anamp | salɨŋ | sariŋib̩ |
| tongue | malɨt | *minɨŋ | mimiŋ | mɨɲɨŋ | mumɨɲɨŋ | tɨbulaniŋk | mɨnɨŋ | menɨŋ |
| eye | ŋgino | *tambri | nambrin | tuŋkuruŋ | sampɨs | sɨsiŋk | tambli | nabrin |
| nose | raw | imbot | tɨkay | ipun | wambusu | naŋɨm | daur | |
| leg | akan, ndow, mburkow | *namuŋk | namɨŋ | pamuŋ | pamuŋ | namaŋk | namuŋ | |
| hair | kokɨrŋgrɨt | ruar | wapwi | wampi | yawi | mbwikmaley | dwar | |
| ear | neke | *kwand- | kundot | kwantumuŋ | kwandukas | kukunam | kwandum | karekep |
| egg | naŋa | *awŋ | awŋ | awŋ | yawŋ | awŋk | awŋ | gaug |
| leaf | mayar | *nɨmpramp | nɨmbiraŋ | nɨmprɨm | yimprɨm | nɨmpramp | namblum | nabirɨk |
| yesterday / tomorrow | ewar / epi | *ŋarɨŋ | rari | ŋarɨŋ | arɨŋ | namasɨnɨŋ | nakɨmɨn | ŋarɨŋ |
| oar | inaŋg | *(mɨ)naŋ | naŋ | muraŋ | mɨnaŋ | naŋk | inap | inaŋ |
| betelnut | minjike | *poruŋ | puruŋ | patn | payn | muntɨkɨn | parɨŋ | porog |
| lime | air | *awi(r) | air | awi | as | ayɨr | awer | air |
| pig | mbor | *numpran | nɨmbren | numpran | impian | numpran | imbar | nɨmbren |
| crocodile | orem | uri | manpa | manpo | ayi | walami | oramen | |
| snake | aram | *wakɨn | ikun | wakɨn | wakɨn | wan | paruŋ | wakɨn |
| mosquito | at | *naŋgun | nangɨt | naŋkun | yaŋkun | naŋgun | wawarɨn | nauk |
| ground | numat, sumbwa | *andi | andin | anti | anti | nɨŋkrump | andi | agin |
| feces | yɨwɨr | *mɨndi | mɨndɨ | mɨlɨm | mɨnti | muɲjar | mɨndi | mɨndɨn |
| hear | tar | *and- | nda | andɨ | andu | andɨ | andɨ | dɨn |
| hit | adu, o | *di | nɨŋ | tupul | kurar | dɨɨ | ti | di |
| eat | a | *am(b) | ma | am(b) | am(b) | am(b) | am(b) | mɨn |
| go | okɨ | *wa | wa | wa | kuria | kal | wa | on |
| come | aiki | *ya | ya | ya | kurapia | ya | ya | ya |
| sit | tutuku | *sa | nda | tay | sa | nda | sa | |
| big | mɨr, suman | *kupa | kapu | kɨpa | kupa | wupa | kupa | apo |
| cold | *sarV- | sarapakin | tarɨk | sarɨk | saruk | popant |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. →ISBN. OCLC 67292782.
- ^ Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. →ISBN.
| Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
|---|
| Papuan |
|
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
| Australian |
|
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
| Others |
|
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |