Appendix:Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions

The following Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018: 141-146).

List

body parts
arm, forearm	*mbena
belly, internal organs	*mundun
blood	*ke(nj,s)a
bone	*kondaC
brain	*muk[V]
breast	*amu
buttocks	*simbi + modifier
cheek	*mVkVm
claw, hand	*sikal or *sakil
ear	*kand(i,e)k[V]
excrement 1	[same as ‘guts’]
excrement 2	*ata
eye 1 (cf. egg 2)	*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV
eye 2	*ŋg(a,u)mu
eye 3	*nVpV
fingernail	*(mb,p)(i,u)t(iu)C
foot, lower leg	*k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]
forehead, head	*mVtVna
guts, intestines, bowels	*sim(i,u), *simbi
hair 1	*(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]
hair 2, leaf	*iti
head 1	*kV(mb,p)utu
head 2	*mVtVna
heart 1 (cf. belly, egg 2)	*mundu-maŋgV
heart 2	*simu
heart 3	*kamu
knee	*(ŋg,k)atuk
leg 1	*k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]
leg 2, calf	*kitu
liver	*[ma]pVn
milk, sap	*muk
mouth, teeth	*maŋgat[a]
navel	*simu + modifier
neck 1	*k(a,e)(nd,t)ak
neck 2, nape, side of	*kuma(n,ŋ)[V]
nose	*mundu
penis	*mo
saliva	*si(mb,p)at[V]
shoulder	*kinV
skin	*(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
testicles	*walaka
tongue 1	*mbilaŋ
tongue 2	*me(l,n)e
tooth 1	(see mouth)
tooth 2	*titi
urine	*[si]si, *siti, *pisi
kin terms
brother, older	*[mb]amba
father	*apa, *mbapa
grandparent	*apus[i]
husband, man	*ambi
mother, free form	*am(a,i,u)
mother, bound form	*na-
sibling, older	*nan(a,i)
sibling, older same sex	*[mb]amba
sister	*aya
age-gender and other social categories
baby	*ŋaŋa
boy	*nV
man, husband	*ambi
orphan, widow & child	*mbeŋga-masi
woman, female	*panV
birds, bird parts
bird 1	*n[e]i
bird 2	*yaka[i]
cassowary	*ku[y]a
egg 1	*mun(a,e,i)ka
egg 2, fruit, seed	*maŋgV
tail	*a(mb,m)u
wing	*mbutu
insects
butterfly	*apa[pa]ta
fly	*ŋgambu
louse	*niman, *iman
mosquito	*kasin
plants, plant parts
bark	*ka(nd,t)ap[u]
casuarina	*kal(a,i)pV
fruit, seed (cf. egg 2)	*maŋgV
leaf 1, hair	*iti
leaf 2	*sasak
root	*kindil
sap, milk	*muk
taro	*mV
tree, wood	*inda
inanimate world
ashes 1	*sumbu
ashes 2	*kambu-sumbu
ashes 3	*la(ŋg,k)a
cloud 1, sky	*samb[V]
cloud 2	*ka(mb,p)utu
fire 1	*k(a,o)nd(a,u)p
fire 2	*inda
fire 3	*kambu
flame	*mbalaŋ
ground 1	*man[a]
ground 2	*maka[n]
lightning, light	*(mb,m)elak
moon 1	*takVn[V]
moon 2	*kal(a,i)m
morning	*k(i,u)tuma + X
night	*k(i,u)tuma
sand	*sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
sky 1, cloud	*samb[V]
thunder, sky 2	*kumut, *tumuk
smoke 1	*kambu(s,t)(a,u)
smoke 2	*kambu-la(ŋg,k)a
stone 1	*kamb(a,u)na
stone 2	*[na]muna
sun 1	*kamali
sun 2	*ketane
water 1	*ok[V]
water 2	*nok
wind 1	*kumbutu
wind 2, breeze	*pinVm
artefacts
axe	*tu
fence	*wati
netbag 1	*kun
netbag 2	*at(i,u)
string, rope	*asi
intangible cultural concepts
instructions, language, word, speech	*mana
mind, thought	*n(o,u)man
name 1	*imbi
name 2, who	*wani
shadow, spirit	*k(aw,o)nan
song, type of	*saŋ
witchcraft	*kum
independent pronouns (for subject, object, possessor)
1 singular	*na
2 singular	*ŋga
3 singular	*ya
3 singular	*wa
1 plural	*ni, *nu
1 plural	*ni
2 plural	*ŋgi, *ki
1 dual	*niLi, *nuLi
2 dual	*ŋgiLi, *kiLi
3 dual	*iLi
verbal suffixes marking person-number of subject
1 singular	*-Vn
2 singular	*-an
1 dual	*-uL
2/3 dual	*-iL
1 plural	*-un
1 singular different subject	*-pa
verbs
be (live, stay, sit)	*mVna-
bite	*s(i,u)-
blow	*pu + verb
break	*pa(ŋg,k)-
burn	*nd(a,e,i)-
burn, light a fire	*ki-
carry (on back, shoulder)	*kak(i,u)-
come	*me-
cook	*andu-
cut, chop	*tVk-
die	*kumV-
do, make	*ti-
dream	*kina(mb,p)-
eat, drink	*na-
fly, flutter	*putu(putu)-
give	*mV-
go 1	*pu-
go 2	*yata-
hit	*tu-
know, hear, see	*nVŋg-
laugh	*ŋgiti (+ verb)
live, be, sit	see ‘be’
put	*(m,p)a(l,t)V-
say, speak	*nde-
see, know, perceive	*nVŋg-
shoot	*tVmV-
sleep 1, lie down	*kin(i,u)[m]
sleep 2	*p(e,i)t(e,i)o-
speak, talk	*nde-
spit	*kasipa-
stand	*t(a,e,i)k[V]-
swell	*su + verb
take	*(nd,t)a-
tie	*ndiŋga-, *ndaŋgi
turn (oneself)	*mbuli[ki] + verb
urinate	*X + *si- (urine + verb)
vomit	*mVŋ[g]V ti-
adjectives
blue	*muk[V]
cold	*kukam(o,u)
dry	*ŋgatata
full	*t(o,u)k(i,u) ti-
heavy	*kenda
long	*k(o,u)t(u,i)p
new	*kVtak
short	*tumba
straight	*tutu[tu]ku
conjunctions
and	*ito
negatives
not	*ma- (+ verb)
numerals
two	*ta(l,t)(a,e)

References

• Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. →ISBN.

See also

• Appendix:Proto-South Bougainville reconstructions - Evans (2009)
• Appendix:Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions - Foley (2005)
• Appendix:Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions - Foley (2005)
• Appendix:Proto-Lakes Plain reconstructions - Clouse (1997)
• Appendix:Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions - Holton & Klamer (2018)
• Appendix:Proto-Timor-Alor-Pantar reconstructions - Schapper, et al. (2017)
  • Appendix:Proto-Alor-Pantar reconstructions - Holton & Robinson (2017)