Appendix:Silesian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Silesian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishSilesian
ślōnskŏ
edit (207)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg)ty
3he, she, it (3sg)ôn, ôna, ôno
4we (1pl)my
5you (2pl)wy
6they (3pl)ôni, ône
7thistyn, ta, to
8thattamtyn, tamta, tamto
9heresam, tukej
10theretam
11whofto
12whatco
13wherekaj
14whenkej, kedy
15howjak
16notniy
17allwszyjsko
18manymocka
19sometrochã
20fewmało
21otherinkszy
22onejedyn
23twodwa
24threetrzi
25foursztyry
26fivepiyńć
27bigsrogi, wielgi
28longdugi
29wideszyroki
30thickruby, hruby
31heavyciynżki
32smallmały
33shortkrōtki
34narrowwōnski
35thinciynki
36womanbaba, kobiyta
37man (adult male)chop
38man (human being)czowiek
39childdziycio
40wifeślubnŏ
41husbandślubny
42mothermatka
43fatherfater, ôjciec
44animalzwiyrz, zwiyrzã
45fishryba
46birdptŏk
47dogpies
48louselojza
49snakeszlanga, wōnż
50wormchrobŏk
51treestrōm
52forestlas
53stickkarkoszka
54fruitôwoc
55seednasiynie
56leaflistek
57rootkorzyń
58bark (of a tree)skōra
59flowerbluma, kwiŏtek
60grasstrŏwa
61ropesznōra
62skinskōra
63meatmiynso
64bloodkrew
65bonekość
66fat (noun)fet
67eggjajco
68hornrōg
69tailôgōn
70featherpiōro
71hairszkut, wos
72headgowa
73earucho
74eyeôko, ślypie
75nosenos
76mouthgymba
77toothzōmb
78tongue (organ)jynzyk
79fingernailpaznoket, pazur
80footstopa
81legnoga
82kneeklin, kolano
83handrynka
84wingkrzidło
85bellybrzuch
86gutsbachōrz, bebechy, strzewa
87neckkark, szkrawikel
88backpleca, rzbiet
89breastpierś
90heartsierce
91liverwōntroba
92to drinkpić
93to eatjeś
94to bitegryź
95to suckcyckać
96to spitcharkać, pluć
97to vomitswrŏcać
98to blowdmuchać, dmić, fukać, wiŏć
99to breathedychać
100to laughśmiŏć, lachać
101to seewidzieć
102to hearsłyszeć
103to knowwiedzieć, znać
104to thinkmyśleć
105to smellwōniać
106to fearbŏć
107to sleepspać
108to liveżyć
109to dieumiyrać
110to killzabijać
111to fightwalczyć
112to huntgōnić
113to hitprać
114to cutciōńć, krŏć
115to splitdzielić, tajlować
116to stabżgać, bōś
117to scratchdrŏpać, szkrobać
118to digkopać
119to swimpływać
120to flylecieć, lŏtać
121to walkchodzić, iść, łazić
122to comeprzichodzić, prziłazić
123to lie (as in a bed)leżeć
124to sitsiedzieć
125to standstŏć
126to turn (intransitive)ôbrŏcać, zwyrtać
127to fallpadować
128to givedŏwać
129to holddzierżeć, trzimać
130to squeeześciskać
131to rubtrzić
132to washmyć
133to wipewyciyrać
134to pullciōngnōńć
135to pushciś
136to throwciepać
137to tiepantać, wiōnzać
138to sewszyć
139to countrachować
140to saygŏdać, padać, rzōńdzić
141to singśpiywać
142to playgrać, szpilać
143to floatpływać
144to flowpłynōńć
145to freezemarznōńć, zamarzać
146to swellbrnieć
147sunklara, słōńce
148moonmiesiōnczek
149stargwiŏzda
150waterwoda
151raindyszcz
152riverrzyka
153lakejezioro
154seamorze
155saltsōl
156stonekamyń
157sandpiŏsek
158dustsztaub
159earthziymia
160cloudchmōra, ôbłok
161fogmgła
162skyniebo
163windwiater
164snowśniyg
165icelōd
166smokesmōnd
167fireôgyń
168ashhasie
169to burnpŏlić, goreć
170roadcesta, drōga
171mountaingōra
172redczyrwōny
173greenzielōny
174yellowżōłty
175whitebioły
176blackczŏrny
177nightnoc
178daydziyń
179yearrok
180warmciepły
181coldzimny
182fullpołny
183newnowy
184oldstary
185gooddobry
186badzły
187rottenzgnity
188dirtyôbmaraszōny, szpinawy
189straightprosty
190roundkolity, ôkrōngły
191sharp (as a knife)ôstry
192dull (as a knife)tympy
193smoothgładki
194wetmokry
195drysuchy
196correctnŏleżyty
197nearbliski
198fardaleki
199rightprawy
200leftlewy
201atkole, przi, u, wele
202inw, we
203withs, ś, z, ze
204andi
205ifeźli, jeźli
206becausebo, pōniywŏż
207namemiano
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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