Appendix:Sino-Tibetan languages of India Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Sino-Tibetan languages of India languages, specifically Kinnauri, Stod Bhoti, Raji and Raute, compared with that of English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishKinnauri
edit (207)
Stod Bhoti
སྟོད་པ
edit (0)
Raji
edit (0)
Raute
edit (0)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg)ki*, ka*
3he, she, it (3sg)do*, no*, ʤo*, an*
4we (1pl)kiʃa, kiʃaŋ*, niŋo*, kiʃaŋ*
5you (2pl)kino*, kano*, kanego*, kiʃi*, kisi*, kaniʃ*
6they (3pl)dogoː*, nogoː*, ʤogoː*, anegoː*
7thishojo, ʤo*
8thathodo, no, hono*
9herehəʤəŋ
10theredǝŋ*, nəŋ*
11whohat
12whatʧʰəd
13whereham
14whenteraŋ
15howhales, hala
16notma-
17allʦeik*, saləm*, pura*, gui*, sares*
18manybanbant, kus*, ʋal*, botabot*
19someʧʰəd*, domri, san, sanʦ
20fewsan, sanʦ
21otheraid
22oneid, ek
23twoniʃ
24threeʃum, sum
25four
26fiveŋa
27bigteg
28longlamas
29widekʰulas*, kunʧ*
30thickmoʈʰes*, bakʰles*
31heavyliːg
32smallgaʈo, gaʈoʦ, ʣigiʦ
33shortʧʰoʈaʦ
34narrowgaʈes
35thinbagiʦ, nakiʦ
36womanʦʰeʦes
37man (adult male)morʧʰaŋ, mi
38man (human being)manuʃ, mi
39childʧʰanʦ
40wifegone, tsʰesmi, lari
41husbandʧʰoŋmi, ʧʰoŋ, daːʦ
42motherama, mən, mata
43fatherbon, boa, boba, bapu
44animalʤaːnʋar, ʤanvar, semʧen
45fishmaʧʰes, maʧʰli
46birdpja
47dogkui
48louseʃəmanʦ, gasrig*, rig*
49snakesapes, naːges
50wormhoŋ, lashoŋ
51treeboːʈʰaŋ
52forestboniŋ, baunaŋ, ʣaŋgal
53stickʧʰummaː
54fruitpʰolaŋ
55seedpoʈo, bijaŋ, boʈaŋ
56leafpatʰraŋ, paʧaŋ
57rootʤiːlaŋ
58bark (of a tree)bod
59flowerpʰul,
60grassʧi
61ropebəʃ, ɖori, ʃakʰro, ʧʰoːnliŋ
62skinbod
63meatʃa
64bloodpolaːʦ, ʃui
65boneharaŋ
66fat (noun)[[#Kinnauri|]]
67egganɖa, liːʈ, ʃaraŋ
68hornʃiːŋ, rud
69tailpəʧniŋ
70featherpakʰaŋ
71hairkra
72headbal, ʃiraŋ
73earkaːnaŋ
74eyemig
75nosetakuʦ
76mouthkʰakaŋ, kʰak, mukʰaŋ
77toothgar
78tongue (organ)le
79fingernailpraʦuʧin, ʧin
80footbaŋ
81legperaŋ, latʰaŋ, gompa, baŋ
82kneepəʃbaŋ
83handgud, həst
84wingpakʰaŋ
85bellypeʈiŋ
86gutsãʤaŋ
87neckkakʦ
88backpiʃʈiŋ
89breastsʈug, sʈug, nunuː
90heartʃin*, dil*, monaŋ*, ʣiʋa
91liverkaleʤi, ʃin
92to drinktuŋmu
93to eatʣaːmu, pasmu
94to biteʧigmu
95to suckʈubmu, ʈəbmu
96to spittʰukaŋ pʰikjaːmu
97to vomitpʰasmu
98to blowpʰuljaːmu
99to breathesaːsaŋ unnu
100to laughʋannu
101to seekʰjaːmu*, kʰima*
102to heartʰəsmu
103to knownemu
104to thinksunʦennu*, ʦalmu
105to smellbaːsennu*, baːsjaːʃimu*, tamʃimu*, basennu*
106to fear[[#Kinnauri|]]
107to sleepjagmu
108to livenimu, naʃimu
109to dieʃimu
110to killsannu
111to fightkulʃimu, daːʃimu
112to hunteraŋ lannu
113to hitkulmu, pʰoʈnoː, rannu, tugmu
114to cutkaʈjaːmu, məlmu, pʰralmu, pʰolmu
115to splitpʰərmu
116to stabʧʰuris rannu
117to scratchhərmu;
118to digkoːrmu
119to swimtrabʃimu
120to flyjabmu
121to walkjunnu*, halennu*, junnu ʃennu*, haljaːmu*
122to comebǝnnu
123to lie (as in a bed)dinnu
124to sittoʃimu*, naʃimu
125to standɖen nimu
126to turn (intransitive)[[#Kinnauri|]]
127to fall[[#Kinnauri|]]
128to give[[#Kinnauri|]]
129to hold[[#Kinnauri|]]
130to squeeze[[#Kinnauri|]]
131to rub[[#Kinnauri|]]
132to wash[[#Kinnauri|]]
133to wipe[[#Kinnauri|]]
134to pull[[#Kinnauri|]]
135to push[[#Kinnauri|]]
136to throw[[#Kinnauri|]]
137to tie[[#Kinnauri|]]
138to sew[[#Kinnauri|]]
139to count[[#Kinnauri|]]
140to say[[#Kinnauri|]]
141to sing[[#Kinnauri|]]
142to play[[#Kinnauri|]]
143to float[[#Kinnauri|]]
144to flow[[#Kinnauri|]]
145to freeze[[#Kinnauri|]]
146to swell[[#Kinnauri|]]
147sunjune, suraʤ
148moongolsaŋ, ʧand
149starskar, kar
150waterti
151raingoeniŋ, ʧʰarʋa
152rivergaːraŋ
153lakesoraŋ
154seasomodraŋ
155saltʦʰa
156stonerag, pan
157sandbaliŋ
158dustpurʧuʈiŋ
159earth[[#Kinnauri|]]
160cloudʤu, ʤuʃa
161fogdumaŋ, dumaːsaŋ, dumaːso
162skysorgaŋ
163windlaːn
164snowpom
165iceʈʰanaŋ
166smokedumaŋ
167firemeː
168ashbospa
169to burnpogmu, legmu
170roadsolok
171mountainraːŋ, ɖokʰaŋ
172redʃʋiːg
173greenraːg
174yellowpiːg
175whiteʈʰog
176blackrok
177nightraːtiŋ
178daydjaːr, djusaŋ, tʰaːro
179yearboʃaŋ
180warmʤogiʦ, ʤrãŋk, ʤãŋk
181coldlisk, lis
182fullbəŋgi
183newɲuːg
184olduʃk*, sjano
185gooddam
186badmaːri
187rottenʦis
188dirtykriː, ʋaʃ, maːri
189straight[[#Kinnauri|]]
190roundbaːʈles
191sharp (as a knife)[[#Kinnauri|]]
192dull (as a knife)[[#Kinnauri|]]
193smooth[[#Kinnauri|]]
194wet[[#Kinnauri|]]
195dry[[#Kinnauri|]]
196correct[[#Kinnauri|]]
197near[[#Kinnauri|]]
198far[[#Kinnauri|]]
199right[[#Kinnauri|]]
200left[[#Kinnauri|]]
201at[[#Kinnauri|]]
202in[[#Kinnauri|]]
203with[[#Kinnauri|]]
204and[[#Kinnauri|]]
205if[[#Kinnauri|]]
206because[[#Kinnauri|]]
207name[[#Kinnauri|]]