This is a Swadesh list of Sino-Tibetan languages of India languages, specifically Kinnauri , Stod Bhoti , Raji and Raute , compared with that of English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Kinnauriedit (207) Stod Bhotiསྟོད་པ edit (0) Rajiedit (0) Rauteedit (0) 1 I (1sg )gə 2 you (2sg )ki * ka * 3 he , she , it (3sg )do * no * ʤo * an * 4 we (1pl )kiʃa kiʃaŋ * niŋo * kiʃaŋ * 5 you (2pl )kino * kano * kanego * kiʃi * kisi * kaniʃ * 6 they (3pl )dogoː * nogoː * ʤogoː * anegoː * 7 this hojo ʤo * 8 that hodo no hono * 9 here həʤəŋ 10 there dǝŋ * nəŋ * 11 who hat 12 what ʧʰəd 13 where ham 14 when teraŋ 15 how hales hala 16 not ma- 17 all ʦeik * saləm * pura * gui * sares * 18 many banbant kus * ʋal * botabot * 19 some ʧʰəd * domri san sanʦ 20 few san sanʦ 21 other aid 22 one id ek 23 two niʃ 24 three ʃum sum 25 four pǝ 26 five ŋa 27 big teg 28 long lamas 29 wide kʰulas * kunʧ * 30 thick moʈʰes * bakʰles * 31 heavy liːg 32 small gaʈo gaʈoʦ ʣigiʦ 33 short ʧʰoʈaʦ 34 narrow gaʈes 35 thin bagiʦ nakiʦ 36 woman ʦʰeʦes 37 man (adult male)morʧʰaŋ mi 38 man (human being)manuʃ mi 39 child ʧʰanʦ 40 wife gone tsʰesmi lari 41 husband ʧʰoŋmi ʧʰoŋ daːʦ 42 mother ama mən mata 43 father bon boa boba bapu 44 animal ʤaːnʋar ʤanvar semʧen 45 fish maʧʰes maʧʰli 46 bird pja 47 dog kui 48 louse ʃəmanʦ gasrig * rig * 49 snake sapes naːges 50 worm hoŋ lashoŋ 51 tree boːʈʰaŋ 52 forest boniŋ baunaŋ ʣaŋgal 53 stick ʧʰummaː 54 fruit pʰolaŋ 55 seed poʈo bijaŋ boʈaŋ 56 leaf patʰraŋ paʧaŋ 57 root ʤiːlaŋ 58 bark (of a tree)bod 59 flower pʰul uː 60 grass ʧi 61 rope bəʃ ɖori ʃakʰro ʧʰoːnliŋ 62 skin bod 63 meat ʃa 64 blood polaːʦ ʃui 65 bone haraŋ 66 fat (noun)[[#Kinnauri|]] 67 egg anɖa liːʈ ʃaraŋ 68 horn ʃiːŋ rud 69 tail pəʧniŋ 70 feather pakʰaŋ 71 hair kra 72 head bal ʃiraŋ 73 ear kaːnaŋ 74 eye mig 75 nose takuʦ 76 mouth kʰakaŋ kʰak mukʰaŋ 77 tooth gar 78 tongue (organ)le 79 fingernail praʦuʧin ʧin 80 foot baŋ 81 leg peraŋ latʰaŋ gompa baŋ 82 knee pəʃbaŋ 83 hand gud həst 84 wing pakʰaŋ 85 belly peʈiŋ 86 guts ãʤaŋ 87 neck kakʦ 88 back piʃʈiŋ 89 breast sʈug sʈug nunuː 90 heart ʃin * dil * monaŋ * ʣiʋa 91 liver kaleʤi ʃin 92 to drink tuŋmu 93 to eat ʣaːmu pasmu 94 to bite ʧigmu 95 to suck ʈubmu ʈəbmu 96 to spit tʰukaŋ pʰikjaːmu 97 to vomit pʰasmu 98 to blow pʰuljaːmu 99 to breathe saːsaŋ unnu 100 to laugh ʋannu 101 to see kʰjaːmu * kʰima * 102 to hear tʰəsmu 103 to know nemu 104 to think sunʦennu * ʦalmu 105 to smell baːsennu * baːsjaːʃimu * tamʃimu * basennu * 106 to fear [[#Kinnauri|]] 107 to sleep jagmu 108 to live nimu naʃimu 109 to die ʃimu 110 to kill sannu 111 to fight kulʃimu daːʃimu 112 to hunt eraŋ lannu 113 to hit kulmu pʰoʈnoː rannu tugmu 114 to cut kaʈjaːmu məlmu pʰralmu pʰolmu 115 to split pʰərmu 116 to stab ʧʰuris rannu 117 to scratch hərmu; 118 to dig koːrmu 119 to swim trabʃimu 120 to fly jabmu 121 to walk junnu * halennu * junnu ʃennu * haljaːmu * 122 to come bǝnnu 123 to lie (as in a bed) dinnu 124 to sit toʃimu * naʃimu 125 to stand ɖen nimu 126 to turn (intransitive) [[#Kinnauri|]] 127 to fall [[#Kinnauri|]] 128 to give [[#Kinnauri|]] 129 to hold [[#Kinnauri|]] 130 to squeeze [[#Kinnauri|]] 131 to rub [[#Kinnauri|]] 132 to wash [[#Kinnauri|]] 133 to wipe [[#Kinnauri|]] 134 to pull [[#Kinnauri|]] 135 to push [[#Kinnauri|]] 136 to throw [[#Kinnauri|]] 137 to tie [[#Kinnauri|]] 138 to sew [[#Kinnauri|]] 139 to count [[#Kinnauri|]] 140 to say [[#Kinnauri|]] 141 to sing [[#Kinnauri|]] 142 to play [[#Kinnauri|]] 143 to float [[#Kinnauri|]] 144 to flow [[#Kinnauri|]] 145 to freeze [[#Kinnauri|]] 146 to swell [[#Kinnauri|]] 147 sun june suraʤ 148 moon golsaŋ ʧand 149 star skar kar 150 water ti 151 rain goeniŋ ʧʰarʋa 152 river gaːraŋ 153 lake soraŋ 154 sea somodraŋ 155 salt ʦʰa 156 stone rag pan 157 sand baliŋ 158 dust purʧuʈiŋ 159 earth [[#Kinnauri|]] 160 cloud ʤu ʤuʃa 161 fog dumaŋ dumaːsaŋ dumaːso 162 sky sorgaŋ 163 wind laːn 164 snow pom 165 ice ʈʰanaŋ 166 smoke dumaŋ 167 fire meː 168 ash bospa 169 to burn pogmu legmu 170 road solok 171 mountain raːŋ ɖokʰaŋ 172 red ʃʋiːg 173 green raːg 174 yellow piːg 175 white ʈʰog 176 black rok 177 night raːtiŋ 178 day djaːr djusaŋ tʰaːro 179 year boʃaŋ 180 warm ʤogiʦ ʤrãŋk ʤãŋk 181 cold lisk lis 182 full bəŋgi 183 new ɲuːg 184 old uʃk * sjano 185 good dam 186 bad maːri 187 rotten ʦis 188 dirty kriː ʋaʃ maːri 189 straight [[#Kinnauri|]] 190 round baːʈles 191 sharp (as a knife)[[#Kinnauri|]] 192 dull (as a knife)[[#Kinnauri|]] 193 smooth [[#Kinnauri|]] 194 wet [[#Kinnauri|]] 195 dry [[#Kinnauri|]] 196 correct [[#Kinnauri|]] 197 near [[#Kinnauri|]] 198 far [[#Kinnauri|]] 199 right [[#Kinnauri|]] 200 left [[#Kinnauri|]] 201 at [[#Kinnauri|]] 202 in [[#Kinnauri|]] 203 with [[#Kinnauri|]] 204 and [[#Kinnauri|]] 205 if [[#Kinnauri|]] 206 because [[#Kinnauri|]] 207 name [[#Kinnauri|]]