Appendix:Egyptian verbs

Main category: Egyptian verbs

Egyptian is an Afroasiatic language with a complex verbal system, some of whose exact forms and categories remain under debate by modern scholars. This page documents the grammatical details of the earlier (Old and Middle) Egyptian verbal system, including some of the differences of opinion on the subject.

Adjective verbs

There is a large set of intransitive verbs traditionally called adjective verbs, used to indicate a quality or the entrance into a quality. Most adjectives in Egyptian — potentially all but the nisbas — are in fact participles of adjective verbs. Thus, the adjective wr (“great”) is in fact simply the perfective participle of the adjective verb wrr (“to be(come) great”).

Whether the basic meaning of adjective verbs is to indicate a quality or the entrance into a quality (‘to be …’ or ‘to become …’) is still unsettled; both interpretations can be found in modern Egyptology, as the choice depends on the interpretation of the Egyptian tense–aspect–mood (TAM) system.

Inflectional categories

In the forms of the suffix conjugation and verbal adjectives, Egyptian verbs inflect for voice, mood, aspect, and relative tense, but not absolute tense. The imperative of some verbs can inflect for number, the verbal adjectives can inflect for gender and number, and the stative inflects for person, gender, and number. The infinitival forms are uninflected.

Infinitival forms

The infinitival forms comprise those forms of the verb that are uninflected and unmarked for TAM. Some authors consider them all verbal nouns, but the complementary infinitive is sometimes recognized as a basically adverbial form.

Infinitive

The infinitive serves as a general verbal noun indicating the action meant by the verbal root. As such, it can be used syntactically like any other noun. However, unlike other nouns, the infinitive is always singular; it is also always masculine. The infinitive is often used in headings and occasionally used instead of a finite verb form in narration.

The subject and object of the infinitive can optionally be expressed in differing ways. For the subject the following constructions are used:

infinitive (…) jn noun
infinitive (…) n(j) independent-pronoun
infinitive (…) independent-pronoun

The following constructions are used for the object:

infinitive (…) noun
infinitive (…) dependent-pronoun

In addition, both subject and object can be expressed by a direct genitive construction:

infinitive noun
infinitive.suffix-pronoun

If the subject is expressed by a direct genitive, the object must be expressed otherwise, and if the subject is expressed otherwise, the object must be expressed by a direct genitive. If there is no subject, the object is expressed by a direct genitive. Intransitive verbs normally express the subject by a direct genitive, and transitive verbs can express it either way.

Negatival complement

The negatival complement is used following certain negative verbs to negate certain verb forms. Only suffix pronouns can intervene between the first verb and the negatival complement; all other words must follow the negatival complement.

The infinitive of tm (“to not be, to not do”) followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the infinitive.

The imperative m of jmj (“to not be, to not do”) followed by either the negatival complement or by the negatival complement of jrj (“to do”) followed by a verbal noun forms the negation of the imperative.

The subjunctive jm of jmj followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the subjunctive when it has optative or jussive meaning; the subjunctive of tm followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the subjunctive in dependent clauses.

Similarly, the imperfective of tm followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the imperfective in dependent clauses.

The potentialis tm.kꜣ of tm followed by the negatival complement is occasionally used as the negation of the potentialis.

Any verbal adjective of tm followed by the negatival complement (or rarely the infinitive) forms the negation of that kind of verbal adjective.

Complementary infinitive

The complementary infinitive is an adverbial complement used only after another form of the selfsame verb, either to convey some particular connotation, e.g. nj ms.n.tw.j js msyt (“I was not born by (ordinary) birth”), or to stress the verbal action, e.g. wbn.k wbnt (“You rise rising”).

Imperative

The imperative is used for commands. The subject (entity commanded) is ordinarily in the second person but can be in the third person for negated intransitive imperatives. Written Egyptian shows that the imperative could inflect for number, and Coptic evidence suggests that spoken Egyptian may have inflected some imperative forms for gender as well. The object of the imperative is usually expressed, and the subject rarely so; both take the dependent form when they are personal pronouns.

Pseudoverbal forms

The label ‘pseudoverbal’ is broadly applied to those forms of the verb that most often syntactically function as adverbial predicates. This includes the stative and the periphrastic verb forms.

Stative

The stative, also called variously the resultative, old perfective, or pseudoparticiple, expresses a state of being resulting from a previously completed action. The stative inflects for person, gender, and number. For intransitive verbs it has an active meaning, whereas for transitive verbs its meaning is passive.

Conjugation

Every verb has between two and six consonantal radicals that form its root (which is its citation form). Based on the patterns of this root, verbs are classified into root classes, and verbs of different root classes generally have different conjugational paradigms. The root classes and their paradigms are given below, using a sample verb from each class. Transitive verbs are used wherever possible in order to show the passive forms.

Biliteral

2-lit.

Geminating

Strong biliteral verbs. Cannot have -j as final radical.

Conjugation of dr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: dr, geminated stem: drr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
dr	drw, dr	drt	dr, j.dr	dr, j.dr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
dr	ḥr dr	m dr	r dr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	dr.n	drw, dr	consecutive	dr.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	dr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	drt
perfective³	dr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	dr, j.dr¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dr	drr	potentialis¹	dr.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	dr, j.dr¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	dr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	dr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	dr	drr, drrj⁶, dr², drw^{2 5}, dry^{2 5}
imperfective	j.dr¹, dr, dry, drw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.dr¹, j.drw^{1 5}, dr, drj⁶, dry⁶	dr, drw⁵
prospective	dr, drtj⁷	—	drtj⁴, drt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Non-geminating (2ae inf.)

Non-geminating biliteral verbs (or second-weak verbs). Must have -j as final radical. Inflection in Middle Egyptian is apparently the same as 2-lit., but non-geminating; in Old Egyptian there were further differences.

Conjugation of kj (second weak / 2ae inf. / II. inf.) — base stem: kj

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
kj	kjw, kj	kjt	kj, j.kj	kj, j.kj

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
kj	ḥr kj	m kj	r kj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	kj.n	kjw, kj	consecutive	kj.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	kj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	kjt
perfective³	kj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	kj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	kj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	kj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	kjw¹, kj	kj	potentialis¹	kj.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	kjw¹, kj	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	kj	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	kj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	kj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	kj	kj², kjw^{2 5}, kjy^{2 5}
imperfective	kj, kjy, kjw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	kj, kjj⁶, kjy⁶	kj, kjw⁵
prospective	kj, kjtj⁷	—	kjtj⁴, kjt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Triliteral

2ae gem.

Strong triliteral verbs with identical second and third radical.

Conjugation of jšš (second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: jš, geminated stem: jšš

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jšš⁸	jšš	jššt	jšš, jš	jšš, jš

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jšš, jš	ḥr jšš	m jšš	r jšš

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jšš.n, jš.n	jš	consecutive	jš.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	jšš.n, jš.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	jššt
perfective³	jš	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jšš.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	jšš	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jšš.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jšš	jšš	potentialis¹	jš.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jšš	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	jš	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jš.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jš	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jš	jš, jšw⁵, jšy⁵
imperfective	jšš, jššy, jššw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jšš, jššj⁶, jššy⁶	jšš, jššw⁵
prospective	jš, jštj⁷	—	jšštj⁴, jššt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. jš before suffix pronouns.

Irregular: mꜣꜣ

Conjugation of mꜣꜣ (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: mꜣ, geminated stem: mꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
mꜣꜣ⁸, mꜣ, mꜣn	mꜣꜣ	mꜣꜣt	mꜣꜣ, mꜣ	mꜣꜣ, mꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
mꜣꜣ, mꜣ	ḥr mꜣꜣ	m mꜣꜣ	r mꜣꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	mꜣ.n, mꜣꜣ.n	mꜣ	consecutive	mꜣ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	mꜣ.n, mꜣꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	mꜣꜣt
perfective³	mꜣ, mꜣn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mꜣꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	mꜣꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mꜣꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mꜣꜣ	mꜣꜣ	potentialis¹	mꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mꜣꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	mꜣ, mꜣn	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	mꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	mꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mꜣ	mꜣ, mꜣw⁵, mꜣy⁵
imperfective	mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣy, mꜣꜣw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣj⁶, mꜣꜣy⁶	mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣw⁵
prospective	mꜣ, mꜣtj⁷	—	mꜣꜣtj⁴, mꜣꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Not used before suffix pronouns.

Irregular: wnn

Conjugation of wnn (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: wn, geminated stem: wnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
wnn⁸	wnn	wnnt	wnn, wn	wnn, wn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
wnn, wn	ḥr wnn	m wnn	r wnn

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	—	consecutive	wn.jn
terminative	wnt	consecutive	wn.jn
perfective³	wn	obligative¹	wn.ḫr, wnn.ḫr⁹
imperfective	wnn	obligative¹	wn.ḫr, wnn.ḫr⁹
prospective³	wnn	potentialis¹	wn.kꜣ
subjunctive	wn	potentialis¹	wn.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	wn.n	—	—
perfective	wn	wn	wn, wnw⁵, wny⁵
imperfective	wnn, wnny, wnnw⁵	wnn, wnnj⁶, wnny⁶	wnn, wnnw⁵
prospective	wn, wntj⁷	wnntj⁴, wnnt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. wn before suffix pronouns. Only common starting with New Kingdom texts.

3-lit.

Strong triliteral verbs.

Geminating

Cannot have -j or -w as final radical.

Conjugation of sḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḏm, geminated stem: sḏmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sḏm	sḏmw, sḏm	sḏmt	sḏm	sḏm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sḏm	ḥr sḏm	m sḏm	r sḏm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḏm.n	sḏmw, sḏm	consecutive	sḏm.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sḏm.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sḏmt
perfective³	sḏm	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḏm.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sḏm	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḏm.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḏm	sḏmm	potentialis¹	sḏm.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḏm	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sḏm	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḏm.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sḏm	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḏm	sḏm, sḏmw⁵, sḏmy⁵
imperfective	sḏm, sḏmy, sḏmw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḏm, sḏmj⁶, sḏmy⁶	sḏm, sḏmw⁵
prospective	sḏm, sḏmtj⁷	—	sḏmtj⁴, sḏmt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Non-geminating

Must have -j or -w as final radical.

Conjugation of dmj (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: dmj

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
dmj	dmjw, dmj	dmjt	dmj	dmj

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
dmj	ḥr dmj	m dmj	r dmj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	dmj.n	dmjw, dmj	consecutive	dmj.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	dmj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	dmjt
perfective³	dmj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dmj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	dmj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dmj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dmj	dmj	potentialis¹	dmj.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dmj	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	dmj	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	dmj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	dmj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	dmj	dmj, dmjw⁵, dmjy⁵
imperfective	dmj, dmjy, dmjw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	dmj, dmjj⁶, dmjy⁶	dmj, dmjw⁵
prospective	dmj, dmjtj⁷	—	dmjtj⁴, dmjt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

3ae inf.

Third-weak verbs. Must have -j or -w as final radical.

Geminating

Conjugation of mrj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: mr, geminated stem: mrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
mrt, mrj	mrw, mr	mrt, mrwt, mryt	mr	mr, mry

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
mr⁸, mrr⁸	ḥr mrt, ḥr mrj	m mrt, m mrj	r mrt, r mrj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	mr.n	mrw, mr, mry	consecutive	mr.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	mr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	mrt, mryt
perfective³	mr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	mr, mry	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mrw, mr, mry	mrw, mr, mry	potentialis¹	mr.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mrw, mr, mry	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	mr, mry	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	mr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	mrw¹, mry, mr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mr	mry, mr
imperfective	mrr, mrry, mrrw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mrr, mrrj⁶, mrry⁶	mrr, mrrw⁵
prospective	mrw¹, mry, mr, mrtj⁷	—	mrwtj^{1 4}, mrtj⁴, mrt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Non-geminating

Conjugation of dpj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: dp

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
dpt, dpj	dpw, dp	dpt, dpwt, dpyt	dp	dp, dpy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
dp⁸	ḥr dpt, ḥr dpj	m dpt, m dpj	r dpt, r dpj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	dp.n	dpw, dp, dpy	consecutive	dp.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	dp.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	dpt, dpyt
perfective³	dp	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dp.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	dp, dpy	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	dp.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dpw, dp, dpy	dpw, dp, dpy	potentialis¹	dp.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	dpw, dp, dpy	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	dp, dpy	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	dp.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	dpw¹, dpy, dp	active + .tj¹, .tw²	dp	dpy, dp
imperfective	dp, dpy, dpw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	dp, dpj⁶, dpy⁶	dp, dpw⁵
prospective	dpw¹, dpy, dp, dptj⁷	—	dpwtj^{1 4}, dptj⁴, dpt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Prefixing

In his Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Allen additionally identifies a ‘prefixing’ 3ae inf. subclass which displays a prefix j. in the imperative, the stative, the active participle, the relative forms, and some forms of the active sḏm.f. Some verbs of this subclass are geminating and some are not. Presumably this subclass no longer existed after Old Egyptian.

Irregular: jnj

Conjugation of jnj (irregular third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: jn, geminated stem: jnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jnt, jnj	jnw, jn	jnt, jnwt, jnyt	jn	jn, jny

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jn⁸, jnn⁸	ḥr jnt, ḥr jnj	m jnt, m jnj	r jnt, r jnj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jn.n	jnw, jn, jny	consecutive	jn.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	jn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	jnt, jnyt
perfective³	jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	jn, jny	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jnw, jn, jny	jnw, jn, jny	potentialis¹	jn.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jnw, jn, jny	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	jnt	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jnw¹, jny, jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jn	jny, jn
imperfective	jnn, jnny, jnnw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jnn, jnnj⁶, jnny⁶	jnn, jnnw⁵
prospective	jnw¹, jny, jn, jntj⁷	—	jnwtj^{1 4}, jntj⁴, jnt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Quadriliteral

3ae gem.

Strong quadriliteral verbs with identical second and third radical. No base stem.

Conjugation of špss (third geminate / 3ae gem. / III. gem.) , geminated stem: špss

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
špss	špss	špsst	špss	špss

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
špss	ḥr špss	m špss	r špss

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	špss.n	špssw, špss	consecutive	špss.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	špss.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	špsst
perfective³	špss	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	špss.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	špss	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	špss.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	špssw, špss	špssw, špss	potentialis¹	špss.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	špssw, špss	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	špss	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	špss.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	špss	active + .tj¹, .tw²	špss	špss, špssw⁵, špssy⁵
imperfective	špss, špssy, špssw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	špss, špssj⁶, špssy⁶	špss, špssw⁵
prospective	špss, špsstj⁷	—	špsswtj^{1 4}, špsstj⁴, špsst⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

4-lit.

Strong quadriliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Most are formed from reduplicated 2-lit. roots.

Conjugation of sksk (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: sksk

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sksk	skskw, sksk	skskt	sksk	sksk

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sksk	ḥr sksk	m sksk	r sksk

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sksk.n	skskw, sksk	consecutive	sksk.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sksk.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	skskt
perfective³	sksk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sksk.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sksk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sksk.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	skskw, sksk	skskw, sksk	potentialis¹	sksk.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	skskw, sksk	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sksk	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sksk.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sksk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sksk	sksk, skskw⁵, sksky⁵
imperfective	sksk, sksky, skskw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sksk, skskj⁶, sksky⁶	sksk, skskw⁵
prospective	sksk, sksktj⁷	—	skskwtj^{1 4}, sksktj⁴, skskt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

4ae inf.

Fourth-weak verbs. Must have -j or -w as final radical. Non-geminating more common than geminating. None are formed by reduplication.

Geminating

Conjugation of msḏj (fourth weak / 4ae inf. / IV. inf.) — base stem: msḏ, geminated stem: msḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
msḏ	msḏw, msḏyw, msḏ	msḏt, msḏwt, msḏyt	msḏ	msḏ, msḏy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
msḏ⁸	ḥr msḏ	m msḏ	r msḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	msḏ.n	msḏw, msḏ, msḏy	consecutive	msḏ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	msḏ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	msḏt
perfective³	msḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	msḏ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	msḏ, msḏy	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	msḏ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	msḏw, msḏ, msḏy	msḏḏ	potentialis¹	msḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	msḏw, msḏ, msḏy	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	msḏ, msḏy	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	msḏ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	msḏw¹, msḏy, msḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	msḏ	msḏy, msḏ
imperfective	msḏḏ, msḏḏy, msḏḏw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	msḏḏ, msḏḏj⁶, msḏḏy⁶	msḏḏ, msḏḏw⁵
prospective	msḏw¹, msḏy, msḏ, msḏtj⁷	—	msḏwtj^{1 4}, msḏtj⁴, msḏt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Non-geminating

Conjugation of nḥtj (fourth weak / 4ae inf. / IV. inf.) — base stem: nḥt

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
nḥtt, nḥtj	nḥtw, nḥtyw, nḥt	nḥtt, nḥtwt, nḥtyt	nḥt	nḥt, nḥty

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
nḥt⁸	ḥr nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj	m nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj	r nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	nḥt.n	nḥtw, nḥt, nḥty	consecutive	nḥt.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	nḥt.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	nḥtt
perfective³	nḥt	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	nḥt.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	nḥt, nḥty	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	nḥt.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	nḥtw, nḥt, nḥty	nḥt	potentialis¹	nḥt.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	nḥtw, nḥt, nḥty	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	nḥt, nḥty	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	nḥt.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	nḥtw¹, nḥty, nḥt	active + .tj¹, .tw²	nḥt	nḥty, nḥt
imperfective	nḥt, nḥty, nḥtw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	nḥt, nḥtj⁶, nḥty⁶	nḥt, nḥtw⁵
prospective	nḥtw¹, nḥty, nḥt, nḥttj⁷	—	nḥtwtj^{1 4}, nḥttj⁴, nḥtt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Prefixing

In his Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Allen additionally identifies a ‘prefixing’ 4ae inf. subclass which displays a prefix j. in most formal categories, an infinitive in -t, and gemination in the passive sḏm.f. This subclass is otherwise non-geminating. Presumably this subclass merged with the non-geminating subclass after Old Egyptian if they were not already identical.

Quinquiliteral

5-lit.

Strong quinquiliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Always intransitive. All are formed from reduplicated 3-lit. roots.

Conjugation of nḫbḫb (quinquiliteral / 5-lit. / 5rad.) — base stem: nḫbḫb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
nḫbḫb	nḫbḫbw, nḫbḫb	nḫbḫbt	nḫbḫb	nḫbḫb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
nḫbḫb	ḥr nḫbḫb	m nḫbḫb	r nḫbḫb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	nḫbḫb.n	consecutive	nḫbḫb.jn
terminative	nḫbḫbt	consecutive	nḫbḫb.jn
perfective³	nḫbḫb	obligative¹	nḫbḫb.ḫr
imperfective	nḫbḫb	obligative¹	nḫbḫb.ḫr
prospective³	nḫbḫbw, nḫbḫb	potentialis¹	nḫbḫb.kꜣ
subjunctive	nḫbḫb	potentialis¹	nḫbḫb.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	nḫbḫb.n	—	—
perfective	nḫbḫb	nḫbḫb	nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbw⁵, nḫbḫby⁵
imperfective	nḫbḫb, nḫbḫby, nḫbḫbw⁵	nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbj⁶, nḫbḫby⁶	nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbw⁵
prospective	nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbtj⁷	nḫbḫbwtj^{1 4}, nḫbḫbtj⁴, nḫbḫbt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

5ae inf.

Fifth-weak verbs. Some authors list them as a class of their own; others, as part of 5-lit or 2ae gem. No geminated stem. All are formed from reduplicated 3ae inf. roots. They apparently conjugate like reduplicated 2ae inf. roots.

Hexaliteral

6-lit.

Strong hexaliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Always intransitive. All are formed from reduplicated 3-lit. roots. Old Egyptian only, and archaic even then.

Conjugation of nḏdnḏd (hexaliteral / 6-lit. / 6rad.) — base stem: nḏdnḏd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
nḏdnḏd	nḏdnḏdw, nḏdnḏd	nḏdnḏdt	nḏdnḏd	nḏdnḏd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
nḏdnḏd	ḥr nḏdnḏd	m nḏdnḏd	r nḏdnḏd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	nḏdnḏd.n	consecutive	nḏdnḏd.jn
terminative	nḏdnḏdt	consecutive	nḏdnḏd.jn
perfective³	nḏdnḏd	obligative¹	nḏdnḏd.ḫr
imperfective	nḏdnḏd	obligative¹	nḏdnḏd.ḫr
prospective³	nḏdnḏdw, nḏdnḏd	potentialis¹	nḏdnḏd.kꜣ
subjunctive	nḏdnḏd	potentialis¹	nḏdnḏd.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	nḏdnḏd.n	—	—
perfective	nḏdnḏd	nḏdnḏd	nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdw⁵, nḏdnḏdy⁵
imperfective	nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdy, nḏdnḏdw⁵	nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdj⁶, nḏdnḏdy⁶	nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdw⁵
prospective	nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdtj⁷	nḏdnḏdwtj^{1 4}, nḏdnḏdtj⁴, nḏdnḏdt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Causative

Prefixed with s-. Always transitive.

caus. 2-lit.

Causative of 2-lit., or, in Old Egyptian, of 3-lit. with first radical j- or w-. No geminated stem. Metathesis of the original root is common.

Conjugation of smn (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: smn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
smnt, smn	smnw, smn	smnt	smn	smn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
smn	ḥr smn	m smn	r smn

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	smn.n	smnw, smn	consecutive	smn.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	smn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	smnt
perfective³	smn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	smn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	smn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	smn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	smnw, smn, smny	smnw, smn, smny	potentialis¹	smn.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	smnw, smn, smny	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	smn	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	smn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	smn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	smn	smn, smnw⁵, smny⁵
imperfective	smn, smny, smnw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	smn, smnj⁶, smny⁶	smn, smnw⁵
prospective	smn, smntj⁷	—	smnwtj^{1 4}, smntj⁴, smnt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 2ae gem.

Causative of 2ae gem. or reduplication of caus. 2-lit.

Conjugation of sfkk (causative second geminate / caus. 2ae gem. / caus. II. gem.) — base stem: sfk, geminated stem: sfkk

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sfkk	sfkk	sfkkt	sfkk	sfkk

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sfkk	ḥr sfkk	m sfkk	r sfkk

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sfkk.n	sfkkw, sfkk	consecutive	sfkk.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sfkk.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sfkkt
perfective³	sfkk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sfkk.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sfkk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sfkk.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sfkkw, sfkk, sfkky	sfkkw, sfkk, sfkky	potentialis¹	sfkk.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sfkkw, sfkk, sfkky	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sfkk	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sfkk.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sfkk	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
imperfective	sfkk, sfkky, sfkkw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sfkk, sfkkj⁶, sfkky⁶	sfkk, sfkkw⁵
prospective	sfkk, sfkktj⁷	—	sfkkwtj^{1 4}, sfkktj⁴, sfkkt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 3-lit.

Causative of 3-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫpr (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: sḫpr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sḫpr	sḫprw, sḫpr	sḫprt	sḫpr	sḫpr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sḫpr	ḥr sḫpr	m sḫpr	r sḫpr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḫpr.n	sḫprw, sḫpr	consecutive	sḫpr.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sḫpr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sḫprt
perfective³	sḫpr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫpr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sḫpr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫpr.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry	sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry	potentialis¹	sḫpr.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sḫpr	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḫpr.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sḫpr	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫpr	sḫpr, sḫprw⁵, sḫpry⁵
imperfective	sḫpr, sḫpry, sḫprw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫpr, sḫprj⁶, sḫpry⁶	sḫpr, sḫprw⁵
prospective	sḫpr, sḫprtj⁷	—	sḫprwtj^{1 4}, sḫprtj⁴, sḫprt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 3ae inf.

Causative of 3ae inf.

Conjugation of sqꜣj (causative third weak / caus. 3ae inf. / caus. III. inf.) — base stem: sqꜣ, geminated stem: sqꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sqꜣt, sqꜣj	sqꜣw, sqꜣ	sqꜣt, sqꜣwt, sqꜣyt	sqꜣ	sqꜣ, sqꜣy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sqꜣ	ḥr sqꜣt, ḥr sqꜣj	m sqꜣt, m sqꜣj	r sqꜣt, r sqꜣj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sqꜣ.n	sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy	consecutive	sqꜣ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sqꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sqꜣt
perfective³	sqꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sqꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sqꜣ, sqꜣy	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sqꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy	sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy	potentialis¹	sqꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sqꜣ, sqꜣy	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sqꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sqꜣw¹, sqꜣy, sqꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sqꜣ	sqꜣy, sqꜣ
imperfective	sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣy, sqꜣꜣw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣj⁶, sqꜣꜣy⁶	sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣw⁵
prospective	sqꜣw¹, sqꜣy, sqꜣ, sqꜣtj⁷	—	sqꜣwtj^{1 4}, sqꜣtj⁴, sqꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 3ae gem.

Causative of 3ae gem. Most authors consider these unattested.

caus. 4-lit.

Causative of 4-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫdḫd (causative quadriliteral / caus. 4-lit. / caus. 4rad.) — base stem: sḫdḫd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sḫdḫd	sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd	sḫdḫdt	sḫdḫd	sḫdḫd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sḫdḫd	ḥr sḫdḫd	m sḫdḫd	r sḫdḫd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḫdḫd.n	sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd	consecutive	sḫdḫd.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sḫdḫd.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sḫdḫdt
perfective³	sḫdḫd	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫdḫd.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sḫdḫd	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫdḫd.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy	sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy	potentialis¹	sḫdḫd.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sḫdḫd	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḫdḫd.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sḫdḫd	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫdḫd	sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdw⁵, sḫdḫdy⁵
imperfective	sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy, sḫdḫdw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdj⁶, sḫdḫdy⁶	sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdw⁵
prospective	sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdtj⁷	—	sḫdḫdwtj^{1 4}, sḫdḫdtj⁴, sḫdḫdt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 4ae inf.

Causative of 4ae inf. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫntj (causative fourth weak / caus. 4ae inf. / caus. IV. inf.) — base stem: sḫnt

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
sḫnt	sḫntw, sḫntyw, sḫnt	sḫntt, sḫntwt, sḫntyt	sḫnt	sḫnt, sḫnty

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
sḫnt	ḥr sḫnt	m sḫnt	r sḫnt

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḫnt.n	sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty	consecutive	sḫnt.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	sḫnt.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	sḫntt
perfective³	sḫnt	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫnt.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	sḫnt, sḫnty	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	sḫnt.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty	sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty	potentialis¹	sḫnt.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	sḫnt, sḫnty	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḫnt.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	sḫntw¹, sḫnty, sḫnt	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫnt	sḫnty, sḫnt
imperfective	sḫnt, sḫnty, sḫntw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	sḫnt, sḫntj⁶, sḫnty⁶	sḫnt, sḫntw⁵
prospective	sḫntw¹, sḫnty, sḫnt, sḫnttj⁷	—	sḫntwtj^{1 4}, sḫnttj⁴, sḫntt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

caus. 5-lit.

Causative of 5-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of snḫbḫb (causative quinquiliteral / caus. 5-lit. / caus. 5rad.) — base stem: snḫbḫb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
snḫbḫb	snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb	snḫbḫbt	snḫbḫb	snḫbḫb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
snḫbḫb	ḥr snḫbḫb	m snḫbḫb	r snḫbḫb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	snḫbḫb.n	snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb	consecutive	snḫbḫb.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	snḫbḫb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	snḫbḫbt
perfective³	snḫbḫb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	snḫbḫb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	snḫbḫb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	snḫbḫb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby	snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby	potentialis¹	snḫbḫb.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	snḫbḫb	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	snḫbḫb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	snḫbḫb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	snḫbḫb	snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbw⁵, snḫbḫby⁵
imperfective	snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby, snḫbḫbw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbj⁶, snḫbḫby⁶	snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbw⁵
prospective	snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbtj⁷	—	snḫbḫbwtj^{1 4}, snḫbḫbtj⁴, snḫbḫbt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Anomalous

Irregular enough to be otherwise unclassifiable.

jj/jwj

Conjugation of jj (anomalous / anom.) — base stem: j, jj, jw, geminated stem: jw, jww

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jt, jjt, jwt	jw	jwt	mj, jj, jw	mj, my, jj, jw

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jj⁵, jw⁵	ḥr jt, ḥr jjt, ḥr jwt	m jt, m jjt, m jwt	r jt, r jjt, r jwt

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	jj.n, jw.n	consecutive	jw.jn, jj.jn
terminative	jt, jyt, jjt, jwt	consecutive	jw.jn, jj.jn
perfective³	jw, jj	obligative¹	jw.ḫr
imperfective	jw, jj, jy	obligative¹	jw.ḫr
prospective³	jw, jwy	potentialis¹	jw.kꜣ
subjunctive	jwt	potentialis¹	jw.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	j.n, jj.n	—	—
perfective	j	jj, jy	—
imperfective	jw, jww, jyw	jwy	—
prospective	—	jwtj⁴, jwt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Third-person masculine statives of this verb often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

rḏj

Conjugation of rḏj (anomalous / anom.) — base stem: rḏj, ḏj, geminated stem: ḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
rḏjt, ḏjt	rḏj	—	jmj, ḏj	jmj, ḏj, ḏy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
rḏj⁶, ḏj⁶	ḥr rḏjt, ḥr ḏjt	m rḏjt, m ḏjt	r rḏjt, r ḏjt

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	rḏj.n, ḏj.n	rḏj, rḏjw, rḏy, ḏj, ḏjw, ḏy	consecutive	rḏj.jn, ḏj.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	rḏj.n, ḏj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	—
perfective³	rḏj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	rḏj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	ḏj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	rḏj.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	rḏj, rḏjw	rḏj, rḏjw	potentialis¹	rḏj.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	rḏj, rḏjw	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	ḏj	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	rḏj.n, ḏj.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	rḏj, ḏj	active + .tj¹, .tw²	rḏj, ḏj	rḏy, rḏj, ḏy, ḏj
imperfective	ḏḏ, ḏḏw, ḏḏy	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ḏḏ	ḏḏ, ḏḏw⁵
prospective	—	—	rḏjtj⁴, rḏjt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Third-person masculine statives of this verb often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

wdj

Base stem: wd, dj, d, geminated stem: wdd, dd

References

Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
Allen, James Peter (1984) The Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Malibu, California: Undena Publications, →ISBN
Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla; Kammerzell, Frank; Werning, Daniel A. (2009) “Glossing Ancient Egyptian: Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules” in Lingua Aegyptia, vol. 17, pp. 243–266.

Appendix:Egyptian verbs

Adjective verbs

Inflectional categories

Infinitival forms

Infinitive

Negatival complement

Complementary infinitive

Imperative

Pseudoverbal forms

Stative

Conjugation

Biliteral

2-lit.

Geminating

Non-geminating (2ae inf.)

Triliteral

2ae gem.

Irregular: mꜣꜣ

Irregular: wnn

3-lit.

Geminating

Non-geminating

3ae inf.

Geminating

Non-geminating

Prefixing

Irregular: jnj

Quadriliteral

3ae gem.

4-lit.

4ae inf.

Geminating

Non-geminating

Prefixing

Quinquiliteral

5-lit.

5ae inf.

Hexaliteral

6-lit.

Causative

caus. 2-lit.

caus. 2ae gem.

caus. 3-lit.

caus. 3ae inf.

caus. 3ae gem.

caus. 4-lit.

caus. 4ae inf.

caus. 5-lit.

Anomalous

jj/jwj

rḏj

wdj

References

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