Appendix:Egyptian verbs

Main category: Egyptian verbs

Egyptian is an Afroasiatic language with a complex verbal system, some of whose exact forms and categories remain under debate by modern scholars. This page documents the grammatical details of the earlier (Old and Middle) Egyptian verbal system, including some of the differences of opinion on the subject.

Adjective verbs

There is a large set of intransitive verbs traditionally called adjective verbs, used to indicate a quality or the entrance into a quality. Most adjectives in Egyptian — potentially all but the nisbas — are in fact participles of adjective verbs. Thus, the adjective wr (“great”) is in fact simply the perfective participle of the adjective verb wrr (“to be(come) great”).

Whether the basic meaning of adjective verbs is to indicate a quality or the entrance into a quality (‘to be …’ or ‘to become …’) is still unsettled; both interpretations can be found in modern Egyptology, as the choice depends on the interpretation of the Egyptian tense–aspect–mood (TAM) system.

Inflectional categories

In the forms of the suffix conjugation and verbal adjectives, Egyptian verbs inflect for voice, mood, aspect, and relative tense, but not absolute tense. The imperative of some verbs can inflect for number, the verbal adjectives can inflect for gender and number, and the stative inflects for person, gender, and number. The infinitival forms are uninflected.

Infinitival forms

The infinitival forms comprise those forms of the verb that are uninflected and unmarked for TAM. Some authors consider them all verbal nouns, but the complementary infinitive is sometimes recognized as a basically adverbial form.

Infinitive

The infinitive serves as a general verbal noun indicating the action meant by the verbal root. As such, it can be used syntactically like any other noun. However, unlike other nouns, the infinitive is always singular; it is also always masculine. The infinitive is often used in headings and occasionally used instead of a finite verb form in narration.

The subject and object of the infinitive can optionally be expressed in differing ways. For the subject the following constructions are used:

• infinitive (…) jn noun
• infinitive (…) n(j) independent-pronoun
• infinitive (…) independent-pronoun

The following constructions are used for the object:

• infinitive (…) noun
• infinitive (…) dependent-pronoun

In addition, both subject and object can be expressed by a direct genitive construction:

• infinitive noun
• infinitive.suffix-pronoun

If the subject is expressed by a direct genitive, the object must be expressed otherwise, and if the subject is expressed otherwise, the object must be expressed by a direct genitive. If there is no subject, the object is expressed by a direct genitive. Intransitive verbs normally express the subject by a direct genitive, and transitive verbs can express it either way.

Negatival complement

The negatival complement is used following certain negative verbs to negate certain verb forms. Only suffix pronouns can intervene between the first verb and the negatival complement; all other words must follow the negatival complement.

The infinitive of tm (“to not be, to not do”) followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the infinitive.

The imperative m of jmj (“to not be, to not do”) followed by either the negatival complement or by the negatival complement of jrj (“to do”) followed by a verbal noun forms the negation of the imperative.

The subjunctive jm of jmj followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the subjunctive when it has optative or jussive meaning; the subjunctive of tm followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the subjunctive in dependent clauses.

Similarly, the imperfective of tm followed by the negatival complement forms the negation of the imperfective in dependent clauses.

The potentialis tm.kꜣ of tm followed by the negatival complement is occasionally used as the negation of the potentialis.

Any verbal adjective of tm followed by the negatival complement (or rarely the infinitive) forms the negation of that kind of verbal adjective.

Complementary infinitive

The complementary infinitive is an adverbial complement used only after another form of the selfsame verb, either to convey some particular connotation, e.g. nj ms.n.tw.j js msyt (“I was not born by (ordinary) birth”), or to stress the verbal action, e.g. wbn.k wbnt (“You rise rising”).

Imperative

The imperative is used for commands. The subject (entity commanded) is ordinarily in the second person but can be in the third person for negated intransitive imperatives. Written Egyptian shows that the imperative could inflect for number, and Coptic evidence suggests that spoken Egyptian may have inflected some imperative forms for gender as well. The object of the imperative is usually expressed, and the subject rarely so; both take the dependent form when they are personal pronouns.

Pseudoverbal forms

The label ‘pseudoverbal’ is broadly applied to those forms of the verb that most often syntactically function as adverbial predicates. This includes the stative and the periphrastic verb forms.

Stative

The stative, also called variously the resultative, old perfective, or pseudoparticiple, expresses a state of being resulting from a previously completed action. The stative inflects for person, gender, and number. For intransitive verbs it has an active meaning, whereas for transitive verbs its meaning is passive.

Conjugation

Every verb has between two and six consonantal radicals that form its root (which is its citation form). Based on the patterns of this root, verbs are classified into root classes, and verbs of different root classes generally have different conjugational paradigms. The root classes and their paradigms are given below, using a sample verb from each class. Transitive verbs are used wherever possible in order to show the passive forms.

Biliteral

2-lit.

Geminating

Strong biliteral verbs. Cannot have -j as final radical.

Conjugation of dr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: dr, geminated stem: drr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural dr drw, dr drt dr, j.dr dr, j.dr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 dr ḥr dr m dr r dr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect dr.n drw, dr consecutive dr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative drt perfective3 dr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 dr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective dr, j.dr1 active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 dr drr potentialis1 dr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive dr, j.dr1 active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect dr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective dr active + .tj1, .tw2 dr drr, drrj6, dr2, drw2 5, dry2 5 imperfective j.dr1, dr, dry, drw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 j.dr1, j.drw1 5, dr, drj6, dry6 dr, drw5 prospective dr, drtj7 — drtj4, drt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Non-geminating (2ae inf.)

Non-geminating biliteral verbs (or second-weak verbs). Must have -j as final radical. Inflection in Middle Egyptian is apparently the same as 2-lit., but non-geminating; in Old Egyptian there were further differences.

Conjugation of kj (second weak / 2ae inf. / II. inf.) — base stem: kj

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural kj kjw, kj kjt kj, j.kj kj, j.kj ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 kj ḥr kj m kj r kj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect kj.n kjw, kj consecutive kj.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative kjt perfective3 kj active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 kj.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective kj active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 kjw1, kj kj potentialis1 kj.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive kj active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect kj.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective kj active + .tj1, .tw2 kj kj2, kjw2 5, kjy2 5 imperfective kj, kjy, kjw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 kj, kjj6, kjy6 kj, kjw5 prospective kj, kjtj7 — kjtj4, kjt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Triliteral

2ae gem.

Strong triliteral verbs with identical second and third radical.

Conjugation of jšš (second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: jš, geminated stem: jšš

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural jšš8 jšš jššt jšš, jš jšš, jš ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 jšš, jš ḥr jšš m jšš r jšš suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect jšš.n, jš.n jš consecutive jš.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative jššt perfective3 jš active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 jšš.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective jšš active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 jšš jšš potentialis1 jš.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive jš active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect jš.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective jš active + .tj1, .tw2 jš jš, jšw5, jšy5 imperfective jšš, jššy, jššw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 jšš, jššj6, jššy6 jšš, jššw5 prospective jš, jštj7 — jšštj4, jššt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 jš before suffix pronouns.

Irregular: mꜣꜣ

Conjugation of mꜣꜣ (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: mꜣ, geminated stem: mꜣꜣ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural mꜣꜣ8, mꜣ, mꜣn mꜣꜣ mꜣꜣt mꜣꜣ, mꜣ mꜣꜣ, mꜣ ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 mꜣꜣ, mꜣ ḥr mꜣꜣ m mꜣꜣ r mꜣꜣ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect mꜣ.n, mꜣꜣ.n mꜣ consecutive mꜣ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative mꜣꜣt perfective3 mꜣ, mꜣn active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 mꜣꜣ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective mꜣꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 mꜣꜣ mꜣꜣ potentialis1 mꜣ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive mꜣ, mꜣn active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect mꜣ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective mꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 mꜣ mꜣ, mꜣw5, mꜣy5 imperfective mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣy, mꜣꜣw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣj6, mꜣꜣy6 mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣw5 prospective mꜣ, mꜣtj7 — mꜣꜣtj4, mꜣꜣt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Not used before suffix pronouns.

Irregular: wnn

Conjugation of wnn (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: wn, geminated stem: wnn

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural wnn8 wnn wnnt wnn, wn wnn, wn ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 wnn, wn ḥr wnn m wnn r wnn suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect — consecutive wn.jn terminative wnt perfective3 wn obligative1 wn.ḫr, wnn.ḫr9 imperfective wnn prospective3 wnn potentialis1 wn.kꜣ subjunctive wn verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect wn.n — — perfective wn wn wn, wnw5, wny5 imperfective wnn, wnny, wnnw5 wnn, wnnj6, wnny6 wnn, wnnw5 prospective wn, wntj7 wnntj4, wnnt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. wn before suffix pronouns. Only common starting with New Kingdom texts.

3-lit.

Strong triliteral verbs.

Geminating

Cannot have -j or -w as final radical.

Conjugation of sḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḏm, geminated stem: sḏmm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sḏm sḏmw, sḏm sḏmt sḏm sḏm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sḏm ḥr sḏm m sḏm r sḏm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sḏm.n sḏmw, sḏm consecutive sḏm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sḏmt perfective3 sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sḏm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sḏm sḏmm potentialis1 sḏm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sḏm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 sḏm sḏm, sḏmw5, sḏmy5 imperfective sḏm, sḏmy, sḏmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sḏm, sḏmj6, sḏmy6 sḏm, sḏmw5 prospective sḏm, sḏmtj7 — sḏmtj4, sḏmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Non-geminating

Must have -j or -w as final radical.

Conjugation of dmj (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: dmj

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural dmj dmjw, dmj dmjt dmj dmj ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 dmj ḥr dmj m dmj r dmj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect dmj.n dmjw, dmj consecutive dmj.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative dmjt perfective3 dmj active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 dmj.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective dmj active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 dmj dmj potentialis1 dmj.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive dmj active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect dmj.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective dmj active + .tj1, .tw2 dmj dmj, dmjw5, dmjy5 imperfective dmj, dmjy, dmjw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 dmj, dmjj6, dmjy6 dmj, dmjw5 prospective dmj, dmjtj7 — dmjtj4, dmjt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

3ae inf.

Third-weak verbs. Must have -j or -w as final radical.

Geminating

Conjugation of mrj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: mr, geminated stem: mrr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural mrt, mrj mrw, mr mrt, mrwt, mryt mr mr, mry ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 mr8, mrr8 ḥr mrt, ḥr mrj m mrt, m mrj r mrt, r mrj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect mr.n mrw, mr, mry consecutive mr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative mrt, mryt perfective3 mr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 mr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective mr, mry active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 mrw, mr, mry mrw, mr, mry potentialis1 mr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive mr, mry active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect mr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective mrw1, mry, mr active + .tj1, .tw2 mr mry, mr imperfective mrr, mrry, mrrw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 mrr, mrrj6, mrry6 mrr, mrrw5 prospective mrw1, mry, mr, mrtj7 — mrwtj1 4, mrtj4, mrt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Non-geminating

Conjugation of dpj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: dp

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural dpt, dpj dpw, dp dpt, dpwt, dpyt dp dp, dpy ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 dp8 ḥr dpt, ḥr dpj m dpt, m dpj r dpt, r dpj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect dp.n dpw, dp, dpy consecutive dp.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative dpt, dpyt perfective3 dp active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 dp.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective dp, dpy active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 dpw, dp, dpy dpw, dp, dpy potentialis1 dp.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive dp, dpy active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect dp.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective dpw1, dpy, dp active + .tj1, .tw2 dp dpy, dp imperfective dp, dpy, dpw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 dp, dpj6, dpy6 dp, dpw5 prospective dpw1, dpy, dp, dptj7 — dpwtj1 4, dptj4, dpt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Prefixing

In his Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Allen additionally identifies a ‘prefixing’ 3ae inf. subclass which displays a prefix j. in the imperative, the stative, the active participle, the relative forms, and some forms of the active sḏm.f. Some verbs of this subclass are geminating and some are not. Presumably this subclass no longer existed after Old Egyptian.

Irregular: jnj

Conjugation of jnj (irregular third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: jn, geminated stem: jnn

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural jnt, jnj jnw, jn jnt, jnwt, jnyt jn jn, jny ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 jn8, jnn8 ḥr jnt, ḥr jnj m jnt, m jnj r jnt, r jnj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect jn.n jnw, jn, jny consecutive jn.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative jnt, jnyt perfective3 jn active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 jn.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective jn, jny active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 jnw, jn, jny jnw, jn, jny potentialis1 jn.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive jnt active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect jn.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective jnw1, jny, jn active + .tj1, .tw2 jn jny, jn imperfective jnn, jnny, jnnw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 jnn, jnnj6, jnny6 jnn, jnnw5 prospective jnw1, jny, jn, jntj7 — jnwtj1 4, jntj4, jnt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Quadriliteral

3ae gem.

Strong quadriliteral verbs with identical second and third radical. No base stem.

Conjugation of špss (third geminate / 3ae gem. / III. gem.) , geminated stem: špss

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural špss špss špsst špss špss ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 špss ḥr špss m špss r špss suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect špss.n špssw, špss consecutive špss.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative špsst perfective3 špss active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 špss.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective špss active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 špssw, špss špssw, špss potentialis1 špss.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive špss active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect špss.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective špss active + .tj1, .tw2 špss špss, špssw5, špssy5 imperfective špss, špssy, špssw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 špss, špssj6, špssy6 špss, špssw5 prospective špss, špsstj7 — špsswtj1 4, špsstj4, špsst4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

4-lit.

Strong quadriliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Most are formed from reduplicated 2-lit. roots.

Conjugation of sksk (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: sksk

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sksk skskw, sksk skskt sksk sksk ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sksk ḥr sksk m sksk r sksk suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sksk.n skskw, sksk consecutive sksk.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative skskt perfective3 sksk active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sksk.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sksk active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 skskw, sksk skskw, sksk potentialis1 sksk.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sksk active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sksk.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sksk active + .tj1, .tw2 sksk sksk, skskw5, sksky5 imperfective sksk, sksky, skskw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sksk, skskj6, sksky6 sksk, skskw5 prospective sksk, sksktj7 — skskwtj1 4, sksktj4, skskt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

4ae inf.

Fourth-weak verbs. Must have -j or -w as final radical. Non-geminating more common than geminating. None are formed by reduplication.

Geminating

Conjugation of msḏj (fourth weak / 4ae inf. / IV. inf.) — base stem: msḏ, geminated stem: msḏḏ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural msḏ msḏw, msḏyw, msḏ msḏt, msḏwt, msḏyt msḏ msḏ, msḏy ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 msḏ8 ḥr msḏ m msḏ r msḏ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect msḏ.n msḏw, msḏ, msḏy consecutive msḏ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative msḏt perfective3 msḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 msḏ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective msḏ, msḏy active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 msḏw, msḏ, msḏy msḏḏ potentialis1 msḏ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive msḏ, msḏy active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect msḏ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective msḏw1, msḏy, msḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 msḏ msḏy, msḏ imperfective msḏḏ, msḏḏy, msḏḏw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 msḏḏ, msḏḏj6, msḏḏy6 msḏḏ, msḏḏw5 prospective msḏw1, msḏy, msḏ, msḏtj7 — msḏwtj1 4, msḏtj4, msḏt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Non-geminating

Conjugation of nḥtj (fourth weak / 4ae inf. / IV. inf.) — base stem: nḥt

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural nḥtt, nḥtj nḥtw, nḥtyw, nḥt nḥtt, nḥtwt, nḥtyt nḥt nḥt, nḥty ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 nḥt8 ḥr nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj m nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj r nḥtt, ḥr nḥtj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect nḥt.n nḥtw, nḥt, nḥty consecutive nḥt.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative nḥtt perfective3 nḥt active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 nḥt.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective nḥt, nḥty active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 nḥtw, nḥt, nḥty nḥt potentialis1 nḥt.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive nḥt, nḥty active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect nḥt.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective nḥtw1, nḥty, nḥt active + .tj1, .tw2 nḥt nḥty, nḥt imperfective nḥt, nḥty, nḥtw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 nḥt, nḥtj6, nḥty6 nḥt, nḥtw5 prospective nḥtw1, nḥty, nḥt, nḥttj7 — nḥtwtj1 4, nḥttj4, nḥtt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Prefixing

In his Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Allen additionally identifies a ‘prefixing’ 4ae inf. subclass which displays a prefix j. in most formal categories, an infinitive in -t, and gemination in the passive sḏm.f. This subclass is otherwise non-geminating. Presumably this subclass merged with the non-geminating subclass after Old Egyptian if they were not already identical.

Quinquiliteral

5-lit.

Strong quinquiliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Always intransitive. All are formed from reduplicated 3-lit. roots.

Conjugation of nḫbḫb (quinquiliteral / 5-lit. / 5rad.) — base stem: nḫbḫb

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural nḫbḫb nḫbḫbw, nḫbḫb nḫbḫbt nḫbḫb nḫbḫb ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 nḫbḫb ḥr nḫbḫb m nḫbḫb r nḫbḫb suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect nḫbḫb.n consecutive nḫbḫb.jn terminative nḫbḫbt perfective3 nḫbḫb obligative1 nḫbḫb.ḫr imperfective nḫbḫb prospective3 nḫbḫbw, nḫbḫb potentialis1 nḫbḫb.kꜣ subjunctive nḫbḫb verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect nḫbḫb.n — — perfective nḫbḫb nḫbḫb nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbw5, nḫbḫby5 imperfective nḫbḫb, nḫbḫby, nḫbḫbw5 nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbj6, nḫbḫby6 nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbw5 prospective nḫbḫb, nḫbḫbtj7 nḫbḫbwtj1 4, nḫbḫbtj4, nḫbḫbt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

5ae inf.

Fifth-weak verbs. Some authors list them as a class of their own; others, as part of 5-lit or 2ae gem. No geminated stem. All are formed from reduplicated 3ae inf. roots. They apparently conjugate like reduplicated 2ae inf. roots.

Hexaliteral

6-lit.

Strong hexaliteral verbs. No geminated stem. Always intransitive. All are formed from reduplicated 3-lit. roots. Old Egyptian only, and archaic even then.

Conjugation of nḏdnḏd (hexaliteral / 6-lit. / 6rad.) — base stem: nḏdnḏd

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural nḏdnḏd nḏdnḏdw, nḏdnḏd nḏdnḏdt nḏdnḏd nḏdnḏd ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 nḏdnḏd ḥr nḏdnḏd m nḏdnḏd r nḏdnḏd suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect nḏdnḏd.n consecutive nḏdnḏd.jn terminative nḏdnḏdt perfective3 nḏdnḏd obligative1 nḏdnḏd.ḫr imperfective nḏdnḏd prospective3 nḏdnḏdw, nḏdnḏd potentialis1 nḏdnḏd.kꜣ subjunctive nḏdnḏd verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect nḏdnḏd.n — — perfective nḏdnḏd nḏdnḏd nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdw5, nḏdnḏdy5 imperfective nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdy, nḏdnḏdw5 nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdj6, nḏdnḏdy6 nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdw5 prospective nḏdnḏd, nḏdnḏdtj7 nḏdnḏdwtj1 4, nḏdnḏdtj4, nḏdnḏdt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Causative

Prefixed with s-. Always transitive.

caus. 2-lit.

Causative of 2-lit., or, in Old Egyptian, of 3-lit. with first radical j- or w-. No geminated stem. Metathesis of the original root is common.

Conjugation of smn (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: smn

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural smnt, smn smnw, smn smnt smn smn ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 smn ḥr smn m smn r smn suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect smn.n smnw, smn consecutive smn.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative smnt perfective3 smn active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 smn.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective smn active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 smnw, smn, smny smnw, smn, smny potentialis1 smn.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive smn active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect smn.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective smn active + .tj1, .tw2 smn smn, smnw5, smny5 imperfective smn, smny, smnw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 smn, smnj6, smny6 smn, smnw5 prospective smn, smntj7 — smnwtj1 4, smntj4, smnt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 2ae gem.

Causative of 2ae gem. or reduplication of caus. 2-lit.

Conjugation of sfkk (causative second geminate / caus. 2ae gem. / caus. II. gem.) — base stem: sfk, geminated stem: sfkk

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sfkk sfkk sfkkt sfkk sfkk ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sfkk ḥr sfkk m sfkk r sfkk suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sfkk.n sfkkw, sfkk consecutive sfkk.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sfkkt perfective3 sfkk active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sfkk.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sfkk active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sfkkw, sfkk, sfkky sfkkw, sfkk, sfkky potentialis1 sfkk.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sfkk active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sfkk.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sfkk active + .tj1, .tw2 — — imperfective sfkk, sfkky, sfkkw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sfkk, sfkkj6, sfkky6 sfkk, sfkkw5 prospective sfkk, sfkktj7 — sfkkwtj1 4, sfkktj4, sfkkt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 3-lit.

Causative of 3-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫpr (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: sḫpr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sḫpr sḫprw, sḫpr sḫprt sḫpr sḫpr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sḫpr ḥr sḫpr m sḫpr r sḫpr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sḫpr.n sḫprw, sḫpr consecutive sḫpr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sḫprt perfective3 sḫpr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sḫpr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sḫpr active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry sḫprw, sḫpr, sḫpry potentialis1 sḫpr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sḫpr active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sḫpr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sḫpr active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫpr sḫpr, sḫprw5, sḫpry5 imperfective sḫpr, sḫpry, sḫprw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫpr, sḫprj6, sḫpry6 sḫpr, sḫprw5 prospective sḫpr, sḫprtj7 — sḫprwtj1 4, sḫprtj4, sḫprt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 3ae inf.

Causative of 3ae inf.

Conjugation of sqꜣj (causative third weak / caus. 3ae inf. / caus. III. inf.) — base stem: sqꜣ, geminated stem: sqꜣꜣ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sqꜣt, sqꜣj sqꜣw, sqꜣ sqꜣt, sqꜣwt, sqꜣyt sqꜣ sqꜣ, sqꜣy ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sqꜣ ḥr sqꜣt, ḥr sqꜣj m sqꜣt, m sqꜣj r sqꜣt, r sqꜣj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sqꜣ.n sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy consecutive sqꜣ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sqꜣt perfective3 sqꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sqꜣ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sqꜣ, sqꜣy active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy sqꜣw, sqꜣ, sqꜣy potentialis1 sqꜣ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sqꜣ, sqꜣy active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sqꜣ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sqꜣw1, sqꜣy, sqꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 sqꜣ sqꜣy, sqꜣ imperfective sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣy, sqꜣꜣw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣj6, sqꜣꜣy6 sqꜣꜣ, sqꜣꜣw5 prospective sqꜣw1, sqꜣy, sqꜣ, sqꜣtj7 — sqꜣwtj1 4, sqꜣtj4, sqꜣt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 3ae gem.

Causative of 3ae gem. Most authors consider these unattested.

caus. 4-lit.

Causative of 4-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫdḫd (causative quadriliteral / caus. 4-lit. / caus. 4rad.) — base stem: sḫdḫd

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sḫdḫd sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd sḫdḫdt sḫdḫd sḫdḫd ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sḫdḫd ḥr sḫdḫd m sḫdḫd r sḫdḫd suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sḫdḫd.n sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd consecutive sḫdḫd.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sḫdḫdt perfective3 sḫdḫd active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sḫdḫd.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sḫdḫd active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy sḫdḫdw, sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy potentialis1 sḫdḫd.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sḫdḫd active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sḫdḫd.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sḫdḫd active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫdḫd sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdw5, sḫdḫdy5 imperfective sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdy, sḫdḫdw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdj6, sḫdḫdy6 sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdw5 prospective sḫdḫd, sḫdḫdtj7 — sḫdḫdwtj1 4, sḫdḫdtj4, sḫdḫdt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 4ae inf.

Causative of 4ae inf. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of sḫntj (causative fourth weak / caus. 4ae inf. / caus. IV. inf.) — base stem: sḫnt

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sḫnt sḫntw, sḫntyw, sḫnt sḫntt, sḫntwt, sḫntyt sḫnt sḫnt, sḫnty ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sḫnt ḥr sḫnt m sḫnt r sḫnt suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sḫnt.n sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty consecutive sḫnt.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sḫntt perfective3 sḫnt active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sḫnt.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sḫnt, sḫnty active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty sḫntw, sḫnt, sḫnty potentialis1 sḫnt.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sḫnt, sḫnty active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sḫnt.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sḫntw1, sḫnty, sḫnt active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫnt sḫnty, sḫnt imperfective sḫnt, sḫnty, sḫntw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sḫnt, sḫntj6, sḫnty6 sḫnt, sḫntw5 prospective sḫntw1, sḫnty, sḫnt, sḫnttj7 — sḫntwtj1 4, sḫnttj4, sḫntt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

caus. 5-lit.

Causative of 5-lit. No geminated stem.

Conjugation of snḫbḫb (causative quinquiliteral / caus. 5-lit. / caus. 5rad.) — base stem: snḫbḫb

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural snḫbḫb snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb snḫbḫbt snḫbḫb snḫbḫb ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 snḫbḫb ḥr snḫbḫb m snḫbḫb r snḫbḫb suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect snḫbḫb.n snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb consecutive snḫbḫb.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative snḫbḫbt perfective3 snḫbḫb active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 snḫbḫb.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective snḫbḫb active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby snḫbḫbw, snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby potentialis1 snḫbḫb.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive snḫbḫb active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect snḫbḫb.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective snḫbḫb active + .tj1, .tw2 snḫbḫb snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbw5, snḫbḫby5 imperfective snḫbḫb, snḫbḫby, snḫbḫbw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbj6, snḫbḫby6 snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbw5 prospective snḫbḫb, snḫbḫbtj7 — snḫbḫbwtj1 4, snḫbḫbtj4, snḫbḫbt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Anomalous

Irregular enough to be otherwise unclassifiable.

jj/jwj

Conjugation of jj (anomalous / anom.) — base stem: j, jj, jw, geminated stem: jw, jww

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural jt, jjt, jwt jw jwt mj, jj, jw mj, my, jj, jw ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 jj5, jw5 ḥr jt, ḥr jjt, ḥr jwt m jt, m jjt, m jwt r jt, r jjt, r jwt suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect jj.n, jw.n consecutive jw.jn, jj.jn terminative jt, jyt, jjt, jwt perfective3 jw, jj obligative1 jw.ḫr imperfective jw, jj, jy prospective3 jw, jwy potentialis1 jw.kꜣ subjunctive jwt verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect j.n, jj.n — — perfective j jj, jy — imperfective jw, jww, jyw jwy — prospective — jwtj4, jwt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Third-person masculine statives of this verb often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

rḏj

Conjugation of rḏj (anomalous / anom.) — base stem: rḏj, ḏj, geminated stem: ḏḏ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural rḏjt, ḏjt rḏj — jmj, ḏj jmj, ḏj, ḏy ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 rḏj6, ḏj6 ḥr rḏjt, ḥr ḏjt m rḏjt, m ḏjt r rḏjt, r ḏjt suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect rḏj.n, ḏj.n rḏj, rḏjw, rḏy, ḏj, ḏjw, ḏy consecutive rḏj.jn, ḏj.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative — perfective3 rḏj active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 rḏj.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective ḏj active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 rḏj, rḏjw rḏj, rḏjw potentialis1 rḏj.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive ḏj active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect rḏj.n, ḏj.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective rḏj, ḏj active + .tj1, .tw2 rḏj, ḏj rḏy, rḏj, ḏy, ḏj imperfective ḏḏ, ḏḏw, ḏḏy active + .tj1, .tw2 ḏḏ ḏḏ, ḏḏw5 prospective — — rḏjtj4, rḏjt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Third-person masculine statives of this verb often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

wdj

Base stem: wd, dj, d, geminated stem: wdd, dd

References

• Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
• Allen, James Peter (1984) The Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Malibu, California: Undena Publications, →ISBN
• Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla; Kammerzell, Frank; Werning, Daniel A. (2009) “Glossing Ancient Egyptian: Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules” in Lingua Aegyptia, vol. 17, pp. 243–266.