sḏm

See also: sdm and sDm

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- (“to hear, to listen”). Apparently unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːcʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼəm/ → /ˈsoːtʼəm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːcʼam/ (infinitive); IPA^(key): /saˈcʼimna/ (perfect), IPA^(key): /sacʼˈma/ (subjunctive), IPA^(key): /ˈsaːcʼim/ (active participle), IPA^(key): /ˈsacʼmiw/ (passive participle)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːtʼam/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːtʼəm/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsoːtʼəm/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛd͡ʒɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: sedjem

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to hear
2. (transitive) to obey, to heed
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:

     
     

     ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

     In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

3. (intransitive) to listen (+ n: to (someone))
4. (transitive) to put on trial, to try

Inflection

Conjugation of sḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḏm, geminated stem: sḏmm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural sḏm sḏmw, sḏm sḏmt sḏm sḏm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 sḏm ḥr sḏm m sḏm r sḏm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect sḏm.n sḏmw, sḏm consecutive sḏm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sḏmt perfective3 sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 sḏm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 sḏm sḏmm potentialis1 sḏm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect sḏm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective sḏm active + .tj1, .tw2 sḏm sḏm, sḏmw5, sḏmy5 imperfective sḏm, sḏmy, sḏmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 sḏm, sḏmj6, sḏmy6 sḏm, sḏmw5 prospective sḏm, sḏmtj7 — sḏmtj4, sḏmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏm  

sḏm

Derived terms

• sḏmy
• sḏm ꜥš
• sḏmw
• sḏmt

Descendants

• Demotic: stm
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙ̄ (sōtm̄)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem)
  • Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲥⲟⲧⲙ (sotm)
  • Hermopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲏⲙ (sōtēm)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme), ⲥⲱⲧⲙ (sōtm)
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ (sōtme)

Noun

 m

1. trial

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 282, 299.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 25