jm

See also: JM and .jm

Central Mazahua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m̥/

Letter

jm (upper case Jm)

1. A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /im/
  • Conventional anglicization: im

Etymology 1

The adverbial form of m.

Adverb

1. therein, in it, there
2. (in reference to a period of time) during it, on it
3. (with certain verbs of motion) thereto, into it, thither
4. therefrom, thence, from within it, out of it, out
5. (in reference to a quantity) thereof, out of it, of them
6. therewith, by means of it
7. regarding it, concerning it, thereto

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jm  

jm	mjm	njm	jm	jm	jm
	[New Kingdom]	[21st Dynasty]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]
	in hieratic	in hieratic

Derived terms

• bꜣk jm
• ntj jm
• ḥzy jm
• z jm

 

Descendants

• Demotic: n.jm, n.jm⸗, n.ꜣm⸗, jm⸗, ꜣm⸗
  • ⇒ Demotic: n.jm⸗w
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲟ (mo), ⲙ̄ⲙⲟ (m̄mo)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ (m̀mau)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)
    • Old Coptic: ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (maou), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲛⲙⲁⲟⲩ (nmaou), ⲛⲙⲉⲟⲩ (nmeou)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ (m̄mau)

Preposition

1. form of m (“in”) used when the object is a suffix pronoun

Alternative forms

See under the adverb above.

Etymology 2

Adjective

1. Abbreviation of jmj (“being (in), inherent (in)”).

Etymology 3

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to moan, to groan, to wail, to lament (+ ḥr or m: over) [since Middle Kingdom literature]

Inflection

Conjugation of jm (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jm, geminated stem: jmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jm	jmw, jm	jmt	jm, j.jm	jm, j.jm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jm	ḥr jm	m jm	r jm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	jm.n	consecutive	jm.jn
terminative	jmt
perfective3	jm	obligative1	jm.ḫr
imperfective	jm, j.jm1
prospective3	jm	potentialis1	jm.kꜣ
subjunctive	jm, j.jm1

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	jm.n	—	—
perfective	jm	jm	jmm, jmmj6, jm2, jmw2 5, jmy2 5
imperfective	j.jm1, jm, jmy, jmw5	j.jm1, j.jmw1 5, jm, jmj6, jmy6	jm, jmw5
prospective	jm, jmtj7	jmtj4, jmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jm  

jm	jm	jm	jmjm
	[Coffin Texts]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

• jmw
• jmt
• jmtj

 

Etymology 4

Noun

 m

1. side, side of ribs (as a body part or as food) [Old Kingdom and 19th Dynasty]
2. form, shape [Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and 18th Dynasty]

Inflection

Declension of jm (masculine)

singular	jm
dual	jmwj
plural	jmw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jm  

jmw	jmw	jm	jm	jm
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Coffin Texts]	[Coffin Texts]	[New Kingdom]
plural	plural

Etymology 5

Noun

 m

1. a material of which twt-images can consist, which can also be used for ‘filling’ walls; the meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [since the Middle Kingdom]
   1. a kind of plaster or similarly plastic material, possibly gesso
   2. abraded material (crumbs, fragments) from statuettes of protective deities and other sacred images

Usage notes

Formerly a meaning of ‘loam, clay’ was commonly suggested, but this is based on a Coptic etymology that is probably false—Coptic ⲟⲙⲉ (ome) is to be connected with ꜥmꜥt (“mud”), not jm. Further discussion is available at the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae; see the commentary by Lutz Popko at “jm (Lemma ID 24690)”.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jm  

jm	jm
	[Late Period]

Derived terms

• jm-n-twt

 

References

• “jm (lemma ID 24640)”, “jm (lemma ID 24660)”, “jm (lemma ID 24670)”, and “jm (lemma ID 24690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 72.4–72.10, 77.12–77.13, 77.16–78.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 17–18
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 86, 106, 112.