禁

See also: 🈲

禁 U+7981, 禁 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981 ← 禀 [U+7980] CJK Unified Ideographs 禂 → [U+7982]

Translingual

Han character

禁 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 4490₁, composition ⿱林示)

Derived characters

• 僸, 凚, 噤, 𡑲, 𡢾, 㦗, 㩒, 澿, 𣋜, 㯲, 𭭵, 𤐖, 𦡞, 𥋴, 𥖜, 𬓛, 𥢻, 襟, 𥽍, 䌝(𦈟), 𬜏, 𨆃, 𨣤, 𨭺, 𪊅, 齽(𬺔)
• 𣰙, 𠢱, 㱈, 䫴(𩖗), 𪇎, 𭂃, 𦽔, 𢋎, 𤻎, 𠢵

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 844, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
• Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4
• Unihan data for U+7981

Chinese

trad.		禁
simp. #		禁
alternative forms		噤 Cantonese kam1 襟 Cantonese kam1 come Cantonese kam1

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
婪	*ɡ·ruːm
惏	*ɡ·ruːm
啉	*ɡ·ruːm
漤	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
林	*ɡ·rɯm
琳	*ɡ·rɯm
淋	*ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳	*ɡ·rɯm
箖	*ɡ·rɯm
霖	*ɡ·rɯm
菻	*ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧	*slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽	*r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝	*r̥ʰɯm
郴	*r̥ʰɯm
禁	*krɯm, *krɯms
襟	*krɯm
僸	*krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿	*ɡrɯm
噤	*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚	*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽	*ɡrɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ်း (hkrim:, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīn (jin¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gam¹ / kam¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹cin

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jin
    • Wade–Giles: chin¹
    • Yale: jīn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
    • Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gam¹ / kam¹
    • Yale: gām / kām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gam¹ / kam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gem¹ / kem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm⁵⁵/, /kʰɐm⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹cin
    • MiniDict: cin^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kim

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居吟切
Baxter	kim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/
Li Rong	/kjəm/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
No.	8180
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	金
Old Chinese	/*krɯm/

Definitions

禁

1. to bear; to endure
2. to be able to withstand

   我唔禁激㗎。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]

   ngo⁵ m⁴ kam¹ gik¹ gaa³. [Jyutping]

   I cannot stand getting annoyed.

3. (chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
4. to torment; to torture
5. (Cantonese) durable

   件衫啲料好禁喎。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   件衫啲料好禁㖞。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   gin⁶ saam¹ di¹ liu^6-2 hou² kam¹ wo³. [Jyutping]

   The shirt's material is quite durable.

6. Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”)

Compounds

• 不禁 (bùjīn)
• 不禁技癢 / 不禁技痒
• 不自禁
• 喜不自禁
• 弱不禁風 / 弱不禁风 (ruòbùjīnfēng)
• 忍俊不禁 (rěnjùnbùjīn)
• 情不自禁 (qíngbùzìjīn)
• 禁不住
• 禁不得
• 禁不起 (jīnbùqǐ)
• 禁受
• 禁得
• 禁得住
• 禁得起
• 禁架
• 禁當 / 禁当
• 禁節兒 / 禁节儿
• 禁計 / 禁计
• 禁諗 / 禁谂

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jìn (jin⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gam³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kim
• Northern Min (KCR): gēng
• Eastern Min (BUC): géng / gêng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kìm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gim³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵cin

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jìn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
    • Wade–Giles: chin⁴
    • Yale: jìn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
    • Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gam³
    • Yale: gam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gam³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gem³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kim
    • Hakka Romanization System: gim
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gim⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kim⁵⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gēng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keiŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: géng / gêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛiŋ²¹³/, /kɛiŋ²⁴²/

Note:

• géng - literary;
• gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìm
    • Tâi-lô: kìm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kixm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kim²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kim⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kim¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gim³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kìm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kim²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵cin
    • MiniDict: cin^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: kimH

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居蔭切
Baxter	kimH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪmH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚimH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiemH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjimH/
Li Rong	/kjəmH/
Wang Li	/kĭĕmH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯əmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kr[ə]m-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jìn
Middle Chinese	‹ kimH ›
Old Chinese	/*kr[ə]m-s/
English	prohibit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
No.	8181
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	禁
Old Chinese	/*krɯms/

Definitions

禁

1. to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
2. to pin down; to restrain
3. to block; to hinder
4. to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
5. to use incantation
6. to store up; to hoard
7. ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
8. taboo; banned item or thing
9. prison; jail; confinement
10. (historical) court; palace
11. (historical) ritual table; wine altar
12. sorcery; incantation; spell

Compounds

• 令行禁止 (lìngxíngjìnzhǐ)
• 偷嚐禁果 / 偷尝禁果
• 冷禁
• 厲禁 / 厉禁 (lìjìn)
• 呵禁
• 問禁 / 问禁
• 嚴禁 / 严禁 (yánjìn)
• 囚禁 (qiújìn)
• 報禁 / 报禁 (bàojìn)
• 夜禁
• 失禁 (shījìn)
• 宮禁 / 宫禁 (gōngjìn)
• 宵禁 (xiāojìn)
• 寒禁
• 寓禁於征
• 尿失禁 (niàoshījìn)
• 幽禁 (yōujìn)
• 弛禁 (chíjìn)
• 形格勢禁 / 形格势禁 (xínggéshìjìn)
• 拘禁 (jūjìn)
• 搖手觸禁 / 摇手触禁
• 查禁 (chájìn)
• 止暴禁非
• 氣禁 / 气禁
• 法禁
• 海禁 (hǎijìn)
• 清禁
• 火禁
• 煙禁 / 烟禁
• 牢頭禁子 / 牢头禁子
• 犯禁 (fànjìn)
• 獨居監禁 / 独居监禁
• 百無禁忌 / 百无禁忌 (bǎiwújìnjì)
• 監禁 / 监禁 (jiānjìn)
• 目禁
• 禁中
• 禁令 (jìnlìng)
• 禁例 (jìnlì)
• 禁制 (jìnzhì)
• 禁制令 (jìnzhìlìng)
• 禁加
• 禁勘
• 禁區 / 禁区 (jìnqū)
• 禁卒
• 禁口
• 禁咒
• 禁品 (jìnpǐn)
• 禁土
• 禁地
• 禁坐
• 禁城
• 禁壓 / 禁压
• 禁夜
• 禁姦除猾 / 禁奸除猾
• 禁子
• 禁宮 / 禁宫
• 禁害
• 禁屠
• 禁建
• 禁役
• 禁忌 (jìnjì)
• 禁忌站臺 / 禁忌站台
• 禁慾 / 禁欲 (jìnyù)
• 禁慾主義 / 禁欲主义 (jìnyùzhǔyì)
• 禁戒
• 禁所
• 禁持
• 禁挫
• 禁掖
• 禁斷 / 禁断
• 禁方
• 禁暴誅亂 / 禁暴诛乱
• 禁暴靜亂 / 禁暴静乱
• 禁書 / 禁书 (jìnshū)
• 禁果 (jìnguǒ)
• 禁林 (jìnlín)
• 禁止 (jìnzhǐ)
• 禁步
• 禁治
• 禁治產 / 禁治产 (jīnzhìchǎn)
• 禁演
• 禁火
• 禁煙 / 禁烟 (jìnyān)
• 禁煙節 / 禁烟节
• 禁牌
• 禁省 (jìnshěng)
• 禁絕 / 禁绝 (jìnjué)
• 禁網 / 禁网
• 禁網疏闊 / 禁网疏阔
• 禁聲 / 禁声
• 禁臠 / 禁脔 (jìnluán)
• 禁苑 (jìnyuàn)
• 禁藥 / 禁药 (jìnyào)
• 禁衛 / 禁卫
• 禁衛軍 / 禁卫军
• 禁衢
• 禁製品 / 禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
• 禁足 (jìnzú)
• 禁軍 / 禁军 (jìnjūn)
• 禁遏
• 禁酒 (jìnjiǔ)
• 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù)
• 禁門 / 禁门
• 禁閉 / 禁闭 (jìnbì)
• 禁閉室 / 禁闭室
• 禁阻
• 禁食 (jìnshí)
• 禁體 / 禁体
• 禁鼓
• 空中禁區 / 空中禁区
• 紫禁
• 紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng)
• 脫禁 / 脱禁
• 茶禁
• 菸禁 / 烟禁
• 蠶禁 / 蚕禁
• 解禁 (jiějìn)
• 觸禁犯忌 / 触禁犯忌
• 詰禁 / 诘禁
• 違禁 / 违禁 (wéijìn)
• 違禁品 / 违禁品 (wéijìnpǐn)
• 邦禁
• 配合禁忌
• 酒禁 (jiǔjìn)
• 金吾不禁
• 鎖禁 / 锁禁
• 門禁 / 门禁 (ménjìn)
• 門禁森嚴 / 门禁森严
• 開禁 / 开禁 (kāijìn)
• 關禁 / 关禁
• 髮禁 / 发禁
• 鶴禁 / 鹤禁
• 黨禁 / 党禁 (dǎngjìn)

 

Japanese

Kanji

禁

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. to ban, to prohibit, to forbid
2. to confine
3. palace

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
• Kun: とどめる (todomeru, 禁める)、いさめる (isameru, 禁める)、たえる (taeru)

Compounds

Compounds

• 禁(きん)漁(りょう) (kinryō), 禁漁(きんぎょ) (kingyo): prohibition on fishing
• 禁(きん)猟(りょう) (kinryō): prohibition on hunting
• 禁(きん)句(く) (kinku): taboo
• 禁(きん)止(し) (kinshi): ban, prohibition
• 禁(きん)中(ちゅう) (kinchū): inside of a palace
• 軟禁(なんきん) (nankin): house arrest
• 禁煙(きんえん) (kin'en): smoke ban; to stop smoking

Etymology

Kanji in this term
禁
きん Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 禁 (MC kim|kimH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きん [kíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲĩɴ]

Noun

禁(きん) • (kin) 

1. ban, prohibition
2. banned, prohibited, forbidden

   転(てん)載(さい)禁(きん)

   tensai kin

   Reproduction prohibited.

   • Antonyms : 可(か) (ka, “allowed”)

Korean

Hanja

禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))

1. hanja form^? of 금 (“prohibition”)

Compounds

• 금지 (禁止, geumji, “prohibition”)
• 금기 (禁忌, geumgi, “taboo”)

Vietnamese

Han character

禁: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.