ὅπως

See also: όπως

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ὅππως (hóppōs) — Epic, Aeolic
• ὅκως (hókōs) — Ionic

Etymology

From ὅς (hós, “who, which”) + πῶς (pôs, “how”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hó.pɔːs/ → /ˈo.pos/ → /ˈo.pos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hó.pɔːs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)o.pos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.pos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.pos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈo.pos/

Adverb

ὅπως • (hópōs) (interrogative or relative adverb)

1. (relative to ὥς (hṓs) or οὕτως (hoútōs)) in such a manner, as
   1. (with the ordinary regimen of the relative adverb)
      1. (with indicative)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.111
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1301
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.67
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.203
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.172
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.37
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.145
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.46
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.50
         • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 819
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.30
      2. (with the future indicative) in what manner, how
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.3
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.23
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8.1
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.4
         • 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 39A
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.43
         • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 502E
         • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 2.5, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.11)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.40
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
   2. (with ἄν (án) and subjective in indefinite sentences) in whatever way, just as, however
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.243
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.349, (compare 6.189)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.143
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.1.2, (compare Plato, Phaed. 115E, Plato, Conv. 174B)
      1. (with optative after historical tenses)
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.95
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.13
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, On Organization 4
   3. (οὐκ ἔστιν) there is no way in which, it cannot be that
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
      • 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 208
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 97
      • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 160D
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1058
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 378
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 471
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 495A
      • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183B
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1182
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 286A
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 620
   4. (in Attic poets, like ὡς (hōs) in comparisons)
      • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1001
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 32, (compare 442, 683)
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 98
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1076
   5. (also like ὡς (hōs) or ὅτι (hóti), with superlative of adverbs)
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 600
      • 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 207
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 979
   6. (with a genitive added)
      • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 837
   7. (of time) when
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.459–460
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.17
      • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 198
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 749
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 765
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 60
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 156
      • 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 427
      • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 228
2. (used to introduce the statement of a fact)
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.37
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.49
   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 548
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 963
   • 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 1051
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.109
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.20
   1. (οὐχ ὅπως...ἀλλά) is not only not..but..
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.35
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Collected Works 185.42
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 301A
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.14
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Plataicus 27
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 5.1
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.42
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.2.12
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.10
      1. (rare, following another clause)
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 796
3. (in indirect questions) how, in what way or manner
   1. (with indicative)
      1. (of past tenses)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.113
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.544
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.97
         • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 5.26
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.4.11
      2. (future)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.252
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.14
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.25, (compare Odyssey 1.269)
   2. (with subjunctive)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.110
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.225
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.76
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1367
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 1.3
      • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 62.41
   3. (with optative)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.3.2
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.159
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.554
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 271
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 39
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.2.11
   4. (with optative and ἄν (án), expressing a wish)
      • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 81
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.33
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.10
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.1
   5. (ὅπως ἄν with the subjunctive makes the manner or purpose indefinite)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.545
      • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 233
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 618
      • 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 538
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.6
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 326A
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239B
      • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 481A
   6. (Xenophon occasionally uses ὅπως somewhat like ὥστε (hṓste), with infinitive)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.37, (compare Oeconomicus 7.29, 6 2.32)
   7. (after verbs of fear and caution)
      1. (with future indicative)
         • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 111
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 91C
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Conv. 193A
      2. (with aorist subjunctive)
         • 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 995
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.16
         • 399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 4E
         • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 77A
      3. (with optative representing subjunctive after an historical tense)
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.9.3
   8. (this construction is most frequent in an imperative and prohibitive, in the original construction some verb implying caution or circumspection precedes)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.36
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 140
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 372
      1. (with future indicative)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.142
         • 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 131
         • 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 77
      2. (aorist subjunctive)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.85
         • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 430D
         • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 824
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.56
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
   9. (used as the echo to a preceding πῶς (pôs))
      • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 128
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 677
   10. (with a genitive of manner)
       • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 470E, (compare The Republic 389C)

Descendants

• Greek: όπως (ópos)

See also

Ancient Greek correlatives ^(edit)

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Conjunction

ὅπως • (hópōs)

1. that, in order that
   1. (with subjunctive)
      1. (after principal tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.181
      2. (after historical tenses, when there is no perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect)
         • 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 117
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.73
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.31
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.96
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.17
   2. (with optative after historical tenses)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.547
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.318
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.312
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.160
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.472
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1005
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1305
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.25
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 77E
      • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 450
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.19
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 297
   3. (with indicative)
      1. (of historical tenses, to express a consequence which has not followed, or cannot follow)
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 196
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On his Return 21
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 20
         • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 749
      2. (of future)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.57
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 43
         • 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 316
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 263
2. (used of will and endeavour, instead of the infinitive)
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.19
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 12
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 23
   • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Murder of Eratosthenes 29
   • 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Against Leocrates 127
   • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1060
   • 4th century BC, Isaeus, Apollodorus 27
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 556

Further reading

• “ὅπως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὅπως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ὅπως”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὅπως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ὅπως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ὅπως”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G3704 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • as idem, page 42.
  • how idem, page 408.
  • however idem, page 408.
  • like idem, page 491.
  • order idem, page 578.
  • provide idem, page 654.
  • that idem, page 863.
  • when idem, page 975.