ὥστε

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ὡς (hōs, “as”) + τε (te, “and”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hɔ̌ːs.te/ → /ˈos.te/ → /ˈos.te/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hɔ̌ːs.te/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)os.te/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈos.te/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈos.te/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈos.te/

Adverb

ὥστε • (hṓste)

1. (chiefly Epic, used in similes, similarly to ὡς (hōs))
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.459
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.23
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.474
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.68
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.428
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.302
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.136–139
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.518
   • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 452
2. (to mark the power or virtue by which one does a thing) as
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.381
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.423
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.8, (compare 5.35, 5.83)

Conjunction

ὥστε • (hṓste)

1. (to express the actual or intended result, the effect)
   1. (mostly with the infinitive)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.42
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.21
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 44
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.96
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 9.113
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 5.2.64
      • 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1327
      • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 656
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.17
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.13
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.2.4
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 595
      1. (after comparatives with ἤ (ḗ), when the possibility of consequence is denied)
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.5.17
         • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1293
         • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1107
         • 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 230
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.13.3
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 314B
         • 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 80
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.61
      2. (used with infinitive, of contingencies which may be more or less improbable)
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49, (compare Sophocles, Oedipus the King 374)
      3. (sometimes) on the condition that
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.37, (compare Xenophon, Anabasis 5.6.26)
   2. (with the indicative, to express the actual result with emphasis)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.120
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.12
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 82, (compare Oedipus the King 533)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.9.28
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.2.3
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 271
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.6
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 1.26
      1. (at the beginning of a sentence, to mark a strong conclusion) therefore, consequently
         • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 75
         • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 65
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1172
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.18
         • 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 70
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 2.3.13
      2. (with the optative, to express a supposed consequence)
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.1.9
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 1.13
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.16
         • 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 379, (compare Sophocles, Oedipus the King )
   3. (with the participle instead of the infinitive, by a sort of attraction, after a participle in the principal clause)
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 53D
      • 4th century BC, Isaeus, Collected Works 76.19
      • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 1

References

• “ὥστε”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὥστε”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ὥστε”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὥστε in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “ὥστε”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5620 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • as idem, page 42.
  • condition idem, page 157.
  • far idem, page 306.
  • like idem, page 491.
  • on idem, page 573.
  • prepare idem, page 635.
  • provide idem, page 654.
  • proviso idem, page 655.
  • reservation idem, page 701.
  • so idem, page 790.
  • tear idem, page 859.
  • that idem, page 863.