User:Mårtensås/inscriptions

List of old Germanic inscriptions, for easy creation of new entries and normalisation of translations. Roughly sorted by age.

This page excludes later Nordic and English inscriptions in the Younger Futhark and Futhorc, respectively.

Pre-transitional

Vimose comb

1. • 150-160, Vimose comb (DR 207, KJ 26):

     Hᚨᚱᛃᚨ

     Harja

     /Harjā/ harja/

     Harjā/warrior

Dating

Archeological. All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• Hᚨᚱᛃᚨ (Harja /⁠Harjā OR harja⁠/)

---

Thorsberg chape

1. • c. 160 CE – 240 CE, Thorsberg chape :

     ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ ¶ ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ

     owlþuþewaʀ ¶ niwajemariʀ

     /Wulþuþewaʀ, ni wajē-māriʀ./

     Wulþuþewaʀ, not ill-famed [well-renowned].

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)
  • ᛟ (o)
  • ᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (wlþuþewaʀ)
• ᚾᛁ (ni)
• ᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (wajemariʀ /⁠wajēmāriʀ⁠/)
  • ᚹᚨᛃᛖ- (waje- /⁠wajē-⁠/)
  • *ᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (*mariʀ /⁠māriʀ⁠/)

---

Illerup, shield handle 3

1. • c. 190–210, shield handle 3 from Illerup (MJy 87):

     ᛚᚨᚷᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨ

     laguþewa

     /Laguþewa/

     Laguþewa

Dating

Archeological dating 190–210. Horizontally mirrored þ and w runes. -a may be a West Germanic form.

Words

• ᛚᚨᚷᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨ (laguþewa /⁠Laguþewā or Laguþewa⁠/)

---

Skovgårde brooch

1. • c. 210–240, brooch from Skovgårde, Zealand (Sj 79):

     ᛚᚨᛗᛟ ᛬ ᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨ

     lamo : talgida

     /Lamō talgida/

     Lamō carved

Dating

Archeological dating 210–240. All runes of oldest type.

Words

• ᛚᚨᛗᛟ (lamo /⁠Lamō⁠/)
• ᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨ (talgida /⁠talgida⁠/)

---

Illerup shield handle 2

1. • 210–240, shield handle from Illerup (DK MJy 86):

     ᚾᛁᚦᛁᛃᛟ ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ

     niþijo tawide

     /Niþijō tawidē/

     Niþijō made [this shield handle]

Dating

Archeological dating 210–240. Oldest e; j extended to full vertical height. Horizontally doubled þ and w.

Words

• ᚾᛁᚦᛁᛃᛟ (niþijo /⁠Niþijō⁠/)
• ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawide /⁠tawidē⁠/)

---

Nøvling brooch

1. • 210–240, Nøvling brooch (signum DK NJy 48):

     ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ

     bidawarijaʀtalgidai

     Bidawarjaʀ carved

Dating

Archeological dating 210–240. j extended to full vertical height; all other letters of oldest type. Possibly hypercorrective ending -ai rather than -e.

Words

• ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)
• ᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ (talgidai)

---

Himlingøje-fibula 2

1. • c. 210–260, Himlingøje-fibula 2 (Sj74, DR EM85;128B, KJ10)

     [ ] ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ

     [ ] widuhudaʀ

     /Widuhundaʀ/

     Wood-hound

Dating

Archeological 210–260. All runes of oldest type.

Words

• ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ /⁠Widuhundaʀ⁠/)

---

Vimose chape 1

1. • c. 210–260, Vimose chape 1

     ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚺᚨ ¶ ᚨᚨᛚᚨ ¶ ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛃᚨ

     mariha ¶ aala ¶ makija

     /[uncertain] mākija/

     [uncertain] sword

Dating

Archeological 210–260. All runes of oldest type. Full size j.

Words

• ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛃᚨ (makija /⁠mākija⁠/)

---

Garbølle box

1. • 160-375, wooden box from Garbølle, Sjælland (DK Sj 62, KJ 30)

     ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ ᛬ ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ ᛬

     hagiradaʀ : tawide :

     /Hagirādaʀ tawidē/

     Hagirādaʀ made [this box]

Dating

Archeological. Oldest e.

Words

• ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ /⁠Hagirādaʀ⁠/)
• ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawide /⁠tawidē⁠/)

---

Nydam 1 sword shaft

1. • c. 290 CE – 310 CE, Nydam 1 strap-end :

     ᚺᚨᚱᚲᛁᛚᚨᛉ ᛫ ᚨᚺᛏᛁ ¶ ᚨᚾᚢᛚᚨ

     harkilaʀ · ahti ¶ anula

     /Harkilaʀ ahtē(?). Anulā./

     Harkilaʀ owned(?). Anulā.

Dating

Archeological 290–310. All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᚺᚨᚱᚲᛁᛚᚨᛉ (harkilaʀ /⁠Harkilaʀ⁠/)
• ᚨᚺᛏᛁ (ahti)
• ᚨᚾᚢᛚᚨ (anula /⁠Anulā⁠/)

---

Einang stone

1. • c. 160–440, Einang Stone:

     [ᛖᚲᚷᛟ]ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ

     [ekgo]dagastiʀrunofaihido

     /[ek ...]dagastiʀ rūnō faihidō./

     [I, ...]dagastiʀ, painted the rune.

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type, non-collapsed -aih- cluster, singular "rune" (i.e. ‘inscription, message’).

Words

• ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (dagastiʀ) (incomplete)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo /⁠rūnō⁠/)
• ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido /⁠faihidō⁠/)

---

Hogganvik stone

Tracing of the stone

1. • c. 150 CE – 450 CE, Hogganvik stone :

     ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ ᛬ ᛊᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ ᛬ ᚨᚨᚨᛊᚱᛈᚲᚠ ¶ ᛖᚲᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚨᚱᛈᚨᚨ ᛬ ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ

     kelbaþewas : sainaʀ : aaasrpkf ¶ eknaudigastiʀ ¶ ekerafaʀ ¶ aarpaa : inananaboʀ

     /Kelbaþewas stainaʀ. aaasrpkf. Ek Naudigastiʀ, ek Erᵃfaʀ. aarpaa. Innana nabōʀ./

     Kelbaþewaʀ’s stone. aaarspkf. I, Need-guest, I, the Wolverine. aarpaa. From within the nave.

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type. p-rune.

Words

• ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ (kelbaþewas)
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ)
• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (naudigastiʀ)
• ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ /⁠erᵃfaʀ⁠/)
• ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ (inana /⁠innana⁠/)
• ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ /⁠nabōʀ⁠/)

---

Kalleby/Tanum stone

Photograph of the Kalleby stone

1. • c. 4th century, Kalleby Runestone:

     ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ ᛫ ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉᚹᚨᛊ

     þrawijan · haitinaʀwas

     /þrawijan haitinaʀ was/

     þrawija's [stone] ᛫ [he/it] was commanded OR [the breaker of this stone] was appointed to yearn

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ (þrawijan)
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ)
• ᚹᚨᛊ (was)

---

Opedal runestone

1. • c. 200–450 AD, inscription on the Opedal Runestone

     ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ ¶ ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ ᛬

     birgŋguboroswestarminu ¶ leubumeʀ wage :

     /birg, Ingubōrō, swestar mīnu leubu, mēʀ, Wāgē!/

     O Ingubōrō, my beloved sister, preserve me, Wāgaz!

Dating

Older e-rune, ŋ standing for /iŋg/

Words

• ᛒᛁᚱᚷ (birg)
• ᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟ (ŋguboro /⁠Ingubōrō⁠/)
• ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)
• ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu /⁠mīnu⁠/)
• ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢ (leubu)
• ᛗᛖᛉ (meʀ)
• ᚹᚨᚷᛖ (wage /⁠Wāgē⁠/)

---

Tune stone

1. • c. 200–400, Tune stone

     ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ ᛬ ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ ᛬ ᚱ[ ] ¶ [ ]ᛉᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ ᛬ ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ᛫ ¶ ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ ¶ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ[ᚱ/ᛊᛁ]ᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ

     ekwiwaʀafter·woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban : worahto : r[ ] ¶ [ ]ʀwoduride : staina· ¶ þrijoʀdohtriʀdalidun ¶ arbija[r/si]josteʀarbijano

     /ek Wīwaʀ after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r... ...ʀ Wōdurīdē staina þrijōʀ dohtrīʀ dālidun, arbija-(ar/si)jōstēʀ arbijanō./

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dating

Archeological dating. Younger e-rune.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ (wiwaʀ /⁠Wīwaʀ⁠/)
• ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after)
• ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ (woduride /⁠Wōdurīdē⁠/)
  • *ᚹᛟᛞᚢᛉ (*woduʀ /⁠wōduʀ⁠/)
  • *ᚱᛁᛞᚨᛉ (*ridaʀ /⁠rīdaʀ⁠/)
• ᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ (witadahalaiban /⁠witandahᵃlaiban⁠/)
• ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /⁠worᵃhtō⁠/)
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina)
• ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉ (þrijoʀ /⁠þrijōʀ⁠/)
• ᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉ (dohtriʀ)
• ᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ (dalidun /⁠dālidun, dailidun⁠/)
• ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija)
• ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ /⁠arjostēʀ⁠/) OR ᛊᛁᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (sijosteʀ /⁠sibjostēʀ⁠/)
• ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ (arbijano /⁠arbijanō⁠/)

---

Tomstad stone

1. • c. 4th century, Tomstad stone (N KJ79)

     [ ]ᚨᚾ ᛬ ᚹᚨᚱᚢᛉ

     [ ]an : waruʀ

     /-an waruʀ/

     -ā’s grave monument.

Dating

All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Words

• ᚹᚨᚱᚢᛉ (waruʀ, “grave monument, group of stones”)

---

Veblungsnes rock face

1. • 350–550, Veblungsnes rock face (N KJ56)

     ᛖᚲᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚹᛁᚹᛁᛚᚨᚾ

     ekirilaʀwiwilan

     I, the Earl of Wīwila

Dating

Younger e, irilaʀ.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
• ᚹᛁᚹᛁᛚᚨᚾ (wiwilan)

---

Valsfjord stone

1. • 5th century, inscription on rune stone from Valsfjord, Sør-Trøndelag:

     ᛖᚲᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉᚷᛟᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊ [ ]

     ekhagustaldaʀþewaʀgodagas [ ]

     /ek hagustaldaʀ þewaʀ Gōdagas [ ]/

     I, the liegeman/Hagustaldaʀ, the servant of Gōdagaʀ [ ]

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (hagustaldaʀ)
• ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ)
• ᚷᛟᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊ (godagas /⁠Gōdagaʀ⁠/)

---

Bø stone

1. • 5th century, inscription on rune stone from Bø, Rogaland:

     ᚺᚾᚨᛒᛞᚨᛊ ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ

     hnabdas hlaiwa

     Hnabdaʀ's grave

Words

• ᚺᚾᚨᛒᛞᚨᛊ (hnabdas)
• ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa)

---

Amla stone

1. • c. 200–500, inscription on rune stone from Amla, Sogn og Fjordane:

     [ ]ᛁᛉᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉᚦᚨᚱ

     [ ]iʀhlaiwidaʀþar

     /[ ]iʀ hlaiwidaʀ þar/

     [...]iʀ is buried here

Words

• ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ (hlaiwidaʀ, “buried”)
• ᚦᚨᚱ (þar, “there, here”, locative demonstrative)

---

Fløksand Scraper

1. • 300-400, Scraper knife from Fløksand (KJ37, NIæR51)

     ᛚᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉᚠ

     linalaukaʀf

     /līna laukaz f[ehu]/

     flax, leek, f[= wealth]

Dating

Archeological.

Words

•  ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
•  ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ)
•  ᚠ (f)

---

Nydam 5 axe handle

1. • c. 340–360, Nydam 5 axe handle:

     ᚹᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ¶ ᚨᛚᚢ ᛬ ᚹᛁᚺᚷᚢᛊᛁᚲᛁᛃᚨᛉ ᛬ ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛚᚨᛏᚨᛉ

     wagagastiʀ ¶ alu : wihgusikijaʀ : aiþalataʀ

     /Wāgagastiʀ. ¶ alu wīhgu Sīkijaʀ Aiþalātaʀ/

     Wāgagastiʀ. ¶ alu. I fight (or: I consecrate). Sīkijaʀ. Aiþalātaʀ.

Dating

Archeological 340–360. j of oldest type. Many runes difficult to read in photo.

Words

• ᚹᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (wagagastiʀ)
• ᚨᛚᚢ (alu)
• ᚹᛁᚺᚷᚢ (wihgu)
• ᛊᛁᚲᛁᛃᚨᛉ (sikijaʀ)
• ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛚᚨᛏᚨᛉ (aiþalataʀ)

---

Vetteland stone

1. • c. 200–450, Vetteland stone

     [ ]ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉᛁᛊᛏ ¶ [ ]ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ [ ]ᛞᚨᛉᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ

     [ ]flagdafaikinaʀist ¶ [ ]magoʀminasstaina ¶ [ ]daʀfaihido

     /...flagda-faikinaʀ ist. ...magōʀ mīnas staina. ...daʀ faihidō/

     ...is haunted by a ghoul. ...my boy's stone. [I, ...]daʀ painted [the runes].

Dating

Uncollapsed /aih/-cluster. All runes of oldest type. Left-to-right.

Words

• ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨ (flagda) flagda /flagda/ = Old Norse flagð
• ᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉ (faikinaʀ) faikinaʀ /faikinaʀ/ = Old Norse feikinn
• ᛁᛊᛏ (ist) ist /ist/
• ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ) magoʀ /magōʀ/
• ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas) minas /mīnas/
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina) staina /staina/
• ᛞᚨᛉ (daʀ) daʀ /-daʀ/(incomplete)
• ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido) faihido /faihidō/

---

Barmen stone

1. • 200–500, inscription on the Barmen Runestone (KJ64):

     ᛖᚲᚦᛁᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᛉᚱᚢ

     ekþirbijaʀru

     /ek Þirbijaʀ ru[nōʀ]/

     I, Þirbijaʀ, [wrote the] ru[nes]

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚦᛁᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᛉ (þirbijaʀ /⁠Þirbijaʀ⁠/)

---

Kjølevik stone

1. • c. 200–500, inscription on the Kjølevik Stone:

     ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ ¶ ᛖᚲᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟᛗᚨᚷᚢᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ

     hadulaikaʀ ¶ ekhagustadaʀ ¶ hlaaiwidomaguminino

     /Hadulaikaʀ. ek Hagustaldaʀ hlaiwidō magu mīninō./

     Hadulaikaʀ [lies here]. I, Hagustaldaʀ/the young warrior, buried my boy.

Words

• ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (hadulaikaʀ /⁠Hadulaikaʀ⁠/)
• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagustadaʀ /⁠Hagustaldaʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟ (hlaaiwido /⁠hlaiwidō⁠/)
• ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu)
• ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino /⁠mīninō⁠/)

---

Möjbro stone

1. • c. 4th century, Möjbro Runestone (U877, KJ99)

     ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ

     frawaradaʀ ¶ anahahaislaginaʀ

     /Frawarādaʀ ana hanhē slaginaʀ./

     Frawarādaʀ, slain on his steed.

Dating

Possible younger r and s

Words

• ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (frawaradaʀ) frawaradaʀ /Frawarādaʀ/
• ᚨᚾᚨ (ana) ana /ana/
• ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁ (hahai) hahai /hanhē/
• ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ) slaginaʀ /slaginaʀ/

---

Myklebostad stone

1. • 200s-400s inscription on the Mycklebostad stone (KJ77):

     ᚨᛊᚢᚷᚨᛊᛞᛁᛉᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ ᛬ ᚨᛁᚺ[...]

     asugasdiʀhlaiwa : aih[...]

     /Ą̄sugastīʀ hlaiwa [...]/

     Ansugastiʀ’s grave.

Dating

Inscription is very difficult to read due to the stone on which it was carved. aih.

Words

• ᚨᛊᚢᚷᚨᛊᛞᛁᛉ (asugasdiʀ /⁠Ą̄sugastīʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa)

---

Rö stone

1. • 200s-400s inscription on the Rö runestone (KJ73):

     ᛖᚲᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ ¶ ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ ¶ ᚨᚾᚨ(2?) ¶ ᛊ[ᚨ]ᛁᚱᚨᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ ¶ ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ

     ekhraʀaʀsatidostaina ¶ swabaharjaʀ ¶ ana(2?) ¶ s[a]irawidaʀ ¶ stainawarijaʀfahido

     /ek Hraʀaʀ satidō staina. Swābaharjaʀ ana... sairawīdaʀ. Stainawarjaʀ fāhidō/

     I, Hraʀaʀ, set the stone. Swābaharjaʀ on ..., with wide wounds. [I], Stainawarjaʀ painted [the runes].

Dating

All runes of oldest type. -aih- > -āh-.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ (hraʀaʀ /⁠Hraʀaʀ⁠/)
• ᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟ (satido /⁠satidō⁠/)
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina)
• ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /⁠Swābaharjaʀ⁠/)
• ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ (sairawidaʀ /⁠sairawīdaʀ⁠/)
• ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ /⁠Stainawarjaʀ⁠/)
• ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ (fahido /⁠fāhidō⁠/)

---

Nydam 6 strap mount

1. • c. 390–410, Nydam 6 strap mount

     ᚱᚨᚹᛊᛁᛃᛟ

     rawsijo

     /Rawsijō/

     Rawsijō

Dating

Archeological 390–410. ᛃ is a precursor to the ᛋ-shape. Other runes of oldest type.

Words

• ᚱᚨᚹᛊᛁᛃᛟ (rawsijo)

---

Nordhuglo stone

1. • c. 400, Nordhuglo stone

     ᛖᚲᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉᛁᚺ

     ekgudijaungandiʀih

     /ek gudjā Ungandiʀ […] /

     I the godi Ungandiʀ [the one not cursed]

Dating

ᚢ looks like upside down V, round runes. Tall ᛃ.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)
• ᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ (ungandiʀ)

---

Eidsvåg stone

1. • c. 150 CE – 500 CE, Eidsvåg stone :

     ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ

     haraʀaʀ

     /Hᵃraʀaʀ/

     Hraʀaʀ.

Dating

All runes of oldest type.

Words

• ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ (haraʀaʀ)

---

Stenstad stone

1. • c. 400–450, Stenstad stone:

     ᛁᚷᛁᛃᛟᚾᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ

     igijonhalaʀ

     /Igijōn hallaʀ/

     Igijo's stone

Dating

Archeological dating based on the grave field on which it was raised. Full-length j. All others of oldest type.

Words

• ᛁᚷᛁᛃᛟᚾ (igijon)
• ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ /⁠hallaʀ⁠/)

---

By stone

1. • c. 200–500, By runestone

     ᛖᚲᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉᛟᚱᛏᛖᚦᚨᚾᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ […]

     ekirilaʀhroʀaʀhroʀeʀorteþanaʀina […]

     /ek irilaʀ Hrōʀaʀ Hrōʀēʀ ortē þan aʀina […] /

     I, the earl Hrōʀaʀ, son/descendant of Hrōʀaʀ, wrought this hearthstone […]

Dating

þan has mostly been read as þat but the masculine gender of Old Norse arinn suggests þan; the n- (or t-) rune is very unusual. Loss of w in ortē (Old Norse orti) and assimilation of -ijaʀ > -ēʀ suggest a later date than the oldest inscriptions. e=k bindrune.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
• ᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉ (hroʀaʀ /⁠Hrōʀaʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉ (hroʀeʀ /⁠Hrōʀēʀ⁠/)
• ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /⁠ortē⁠/)
• ᚦᚨᚾ (þan)
• ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina)

---

Järsberg stone

Photograph of the Järsberg stone

1. • 400s, inscription on the Järsberg Runestone

     ᛬ ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ ¶ ᚺᚨᛁᛏ[ ]ᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᛁᛏᛖ ¶ ᛖᚴᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ¶ ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ

     : harabanaʀ ¶ hait[ ]ubaʀhite ¶ ekerilaʀ ¶ runoʀwaritu

     /Hᵃrabᵃnaʀ hait[ē, ...]ubaʀ haitē. Ek erilaʀ rūnōʀ wᵃrītu./

     Raven I am call[ed, ...ubaʀ] I am called. I, the earl, write the runes.

Dating

Younger k, e and ʀ.

Words

• ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ /⁠hᵃrabᵃnaʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ (haite /⁠haitē⁠/)
• ᚢᛒᚨᛉ (ubaʀ /⁠-ubaʀ⁠/) (incomplete)
• ᚺᛁᛏᛖ (hite /⁠haitē⁠/)
• ᛖᚴ (ek)
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ (runoʀ /⁠rūnōʀ⁠/)
• ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ (waritu /⁠wᵃrītu⁠/)

---

Gallehus horn

The inscription, cropped from a 1734 drawing

1. • 390–590, inscription on the younger Gallehus horn

     ᛖᚲᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ᛬ ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ ᛬ ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ ᛬ ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ ᛬

     ekhlewagastiʀ : holtijaʀ : horna : tawido :

     /ek Hlewagastiʀ Holtijaʀ horna tawidō./

     I, Hlewagastiʀ Holtijaʀ, made [the] horn

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek) ek /ek/
• ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ) hlewagastiʀ /Hlewagastiʀ/
• ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ (holtijaʀ) holtijaʀ /Holtijaʀ/
• ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna) horna /horna/
• ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawido) tawido /tawidō/

---

Nebenstedt bracteate

1. • c. 400–500, inscription on the Nebenstedt bracteate:

     ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉᚢ ¶ ᛇᚢᚱ(1?)ᛉ(0-1?)

     glïaugiʀu ¶ ïur(1?)ʀ(0-1?)

     /Glīaugiʀ […] /

     Gleaming-eyed

Dating

Archeological. All runes of oldest type. j of full vertical height. Right-to-left.

Words

• ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ (glïaugiʀ /⁠Glīaugiʀ⁠/)

---

Tørvika stone A

1. • c. 460–490, inscription on the Tørvika runestone (KJ91):

     ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

     ladawarijaʀ

     /Landawarjaʀ/

     Land-guardian

Dating

Archeological. All runes of oldest type. j of full vertical height. Right-to-left.

Words

• ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ /⁠Landawarjaʀ⁠/)

---

Sunde stone

1. • c. 300–500, inscription on the Sunde runestone

     ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ

     widugastiʀ

     /Widugastiʀ/

     Wood-guest

Dating

No archeological dating. Beatstone. All runes of oldest type (four-stroke s). Right-to-left.

Words

• ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (widugastiʀ /⁠Widugastiʀ⁠/)

---

Kragehul spear shaft

1. • c. 470–490, Kragehul spear shaft (KJ 27, DR196)

     ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊᛗᚢᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖᚷᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᚷᛁᚾᚢᚷᚨᚺᛖ[.]ᛚᛁᛃᚨ[.]ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚ(ᚨ)ᚹᛁᛃᚢᛒᛁᚷ[...]

     ekerilaʀasugisalasmuhahaitegagagaginugahe[.]lija[.]hagal(a)wijubig[...]

     /ek erilaʀ Ą̄sugīsᵃlas Mūhā haitē. Ga ga ga, ginnu-ga! .../

     I, the earl of Ansugīslaʀ, am called Mūhā. [uncertain]

Dating

Archeological. Extended k looking like an upside-down <Y>, with the height of a half stave. ᛋ-shaped j. Same rune style as the Lindholmen and Sorte muld amulets.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ)
• ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas /⁠Ą̄sugīsᵃlas⁠/)
• ᛗᚢᚺᚨ (muha /⁠Mūhā⁠/)
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ (haite /⁠haitē⁠/)
• ᚷᚨ (ga)
• ᚷᛁᚾᚢ- (ginu- /⁠ginnu-⁠/)

---

Lindholmen amulet

1. • c. 375–570, Lindholmen amulet:

     ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᛊᚨᚹᛁᛚᚨᚷᚨᛉᚺᚨᛏᛖᚳᚨ ᛬ ¶ ᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᛉᛉᛉᚾᚾᚾ[1?]ᛒᛗᚢᛏᛏᛏ ᛬ ᚨᛚᚢ ᛬

     ekerilaʀsawilagaʀhateka : ¶ aaaaaaaaʀʀʀnnn[1?]bmuttt : alu :

     /ek erilaʀ Sawilagaʀ haitē’ka. [magic runes]. alu./

     I, the earl, am called Sawilagaʀ. [magic runes]. Ale.

Dating

Archeological. Same k as the Kragehul spear shaft and same type of runes; apparently belonging to a common amulet type.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ)
• ᛊᚨᚹᛁᛚᚨᚷᚨᛉ (sawilagaʀ)
• ᚺᚨᛏᛖᚲᚨ (hateka /⁠haitē’ka⁠/)
• ...
• ᚨᛚᚢ (alu)

---

Sorte Muld amulet

1. • c. 200–500, Sorte Muld amulet:

     [ ]ᚢᛚᚨᛉᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ ¶ ᛒᚨᛚᛁᚳᚨᚨᚱ[ ]

     [ ]ulaʀþewaʀ ¶ balikaar[ ]

     /[ ]ulaʀ þewaʀ. [magic runes?]/

     ...ulaʀ the servant. [magic runes?]

Dating

Archeological. Same k as the Kragehul spear shaft and same type of runes; apparently belonging to a common amulet type.

Words

• ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ)

---

Rosseland stone

1. • 350-550, Rosseland runestone (KJ 69)

     ᛖᚲᚹᚨᚷᛁᚷᚨᛉᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚨᚷᛁᛚᚨᛗᚢᛞᛟᚾ

     ekwagigaʀirilaʀagilamudon

     /ek Wāgigaʀ irilaʀ Agilamundōn/

     I, Wāgigaʀ, the earl of Agilamundō

Dating

Younger e. Upside down V-shaped u. Other runes of oldest type.

Words

• ᛖᚲ (ek)
• ᚹᚨᚷᛁᚷᚨᛉ (wagigaʀ)
• ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
• ᚨᚷᛁᛚᚨᛗᚢᛞᛟᚾ (agilamudon)

---

Strøm whetstone

1. • Strøm whetstone :

     ᚹᚨᛏᛖᚺᚨᛚᛁᚺᛁᚾᛟᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ ¶ ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛋᚴᚨᚦᛁᚺᚨᚦᚢᛚᛁᚷᛁ

     watehalihinohorna ¶ hahaskaþihaþuligi

     /Wātē halli hinō, horna! ¶ Haha skaþī, haþu ligī!/

     Wet this stone, horn! O scythe, cut! O mown-down, lie!

Dating

Younger k, s and e. hino is the earliest attestation of Old Norse hinn.

Words

• ᚹᚨᛏᛖ (wate /⁠wātē⁠/) - verb, weak 3, imper. sg.
• ᚺᚨᛚᛁ (hali /⁠halli⁠/) - noun, i-stem fem., acc. sg.
• ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino /⁠hinō⁠/) - pronoun, fem. acc. sg.
• ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna /⁠horna⁠/) - noun, a-stem neut., nom. sg.
• ᚺᚨᚺᚨ (haha /⁠haha⁠/) - noun, n-stem masc., nom. sg.
• ᛋᚴᚨᚦᛁ (skaþi /⁠skaþī⁠/) - verb, strong 6 j-present, imper. sg.
• ᚺᚨᚦᚢ (haþu /⁠haþu⁠/) - noun, u-stem neut., nom. sg.
• ᛚᛁᚷᛁ (ligi /⁠ligī⁠/) - verb, strong 5 j-present, imper. sg.

---

Noleby stone

1. • 450-500, Noleby Runestone (KJ 67, Vg 63)

     ᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᚺᛁᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟᛏᛟᛡᛖ[ᚴ]ᚨ ¶ ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ ᛬ ᛊᚢᚺᚢᚱᚨᚺ ᛬ ᛊᚢᛊᛁ (ᚺ)-ᛏᛁᚾ ¶ ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ

     runofahiraginakudotoᴀe[k]a ¶ unaþou : suhurah : susi (h)-tin ¶ hakuþo

     /rūnō fāhī · raginakundō
     tōjeka .../

     I paint the rune of divine origin,
     I make ...

Dating

Transitional j, but still with sound value /j/ (the only Scandinavian example of this). YF-style k.

Words

• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo /⁠rūnō⁠/)
• ᚠᚨᚺᛁ (fahi /⁠fāhī⁠/)
• ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟ (raginakudo /⁠raginakundō⁠/)
  • *ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨ (*ragina)
  • *ᚲᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*kudaʀ)
• ᛏᛟᛡᛖᚴᚨ (toᴀeka /⁠tōje-ka⁠/)
• ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ (unaþou) unaþou /?/
• ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ (hakuþo) hakuþo /?/

---

Bratsberg brooch

1. • 490–540, brooch from Bratsberg, Telemark (N KJ16):

     ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ

     ekerilaʀ

     /ek erilaz/

     I, the earl

Dating

Archeological. Younger e. Bind-runes e=k=e=r, a=z of same type as on the Järsberg stone.

---

Tjurkö 1 bracteate

1. • c. 440–560, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate:

     ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ ᛫᛫ ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ ᛫᛫᛫

     wurterunoʀanwalhakurne ·· heldaʀkunimudiu ···

     /wurtē rūnōʀ · an walhakurnē,
     Heldaʀ Kunimundiu/

     Heldaʀ wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain [the gold] for Kunimunduʀ.

Words

• ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /⁠wurtē⁠/)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ (runoʀ /⁠rūnōʀ⁠/)
• ᚨᚾ (an)
• ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurne /⁠walhakurnē⁠/)
• ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉ (heldaʀ /⁠Heldaʀ⁠/)
• ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ (kunimudiu /⁠Kunimundiu⁠/)

---

Trollhättan II bracteate

Photograph of the Trollhättan II bracteate.

1. • 440–560, inscription on the Trollhättan II bracteate (IK 639)

     ᛖ[ᚴ]ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ ᛫ ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ ᛫ ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨᛚᚨᚦᛟ ᛫᛫

     e[k]erilaʀ · mariþeubaʀhaite · wraitalaþo ··

     /ek erilaʀ Mariþeubaʀ haitē. wraita laþō./

     I, the earl, am called Sea/Glory-thief. I wrote an invitation.

Words

• ᛖᚴ (ek)
• ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ)
• ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ)
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ (haite /⁠haitē⁠/)
• ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ (wraita)
• ᛚᚨᚦᛟ (laþo /⁠laþō⁠/)

---

Skodborghus-B bracteate

1. • 440–560, inscription on the Skodborghus-B bracteate

     ᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ

     aujaalawinaujaalawinaujaalawinjalawid

     /auja Alawin, auja Alawin, auja Alawin, j[āra] Alawid/

     luck for Alawin, luck for Alawin, luck for Alawin, prosperity for Alawid

Words

• ᚨᚢᛃᚨ (auja)
• ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾ (alawin /⁠Alawin⁠/)
• ᛃ (j /⁠j[āra]⁠/)
• ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ (alawid /⁠Alawid⁠/)

---

Zealand II bracteate

1. • c. 440–560, Zealand-II bracteate:

     ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚢᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨ ᛬ ᚠᚨᚱᚨᚢᛁᛋᚨ ᛬ ᚷᛁᛒᚢᚨᚢᚽᚨ ᛬ ᛏᛏᛏ

     /Hariūhā haitī’ka, Fārawīsā. Gibu auja. ttt/

     Hariūha I am called, Danger-knower. I give good fortune. Tew, Tew, Tew!

Words

• ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚢᚺᚨ (hariuha /⁠Hariūhā⁠/)
• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨ (haitika /⁠haitī’ka⁠/)
• ᚠᚨᚱᚨᚢᛁᛋᚨ (farauisa /⁠Fārawīsā⁠/)
• ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)
• ᚨᚢᚽᚨ (auja)
• ᛏ (t)

---

Söderköping/Ellestad stone

1. • 500-550, Söderköping/Ellestad stone

     ᛖᚴᛡᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉᛡᚠᛋ[ ]ᚴᛡᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟᚴᛡ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡᛦ[ ] ¶ ᚴᚴ ᛫ ᚴᛁᛁᛁᛁ ᛫ ᚴᚴᚴ

     ekᴀsigimᴀrᴀʀᴀfs[ ]kᴀrᴀisidokᴀ ¶ stᴀinᴀʀ[ ] ¶ kk · kiiii · kkk

     /eka Sigimaraʀ [ ] raisidō’ka stainaʀ [ ] ¶ kk kiiii kkk/

     I, Sigimaraʀ [ ], I raised the stones. [ ]. [unknown cipher]

Dating

Transitional j, sound value /a/. Y-shape k. Word-final -ō preserved, unstressed syllables preserved (rAisido instead of *rAisto). Probably the youngest preserved non-transitional inscription.

Words

• ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ /⁠eka⁠/)
• ᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉ (sigimᴀrᴀʀ /⁠Sigimaraʀ⁠/)
• ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟᚴᛡ (rᴀisidokᴀ /⁠raisidō’ka⁠/)
  • ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ (rᴀisido /⁠raisidō⁠/)
  • -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ /⁠-ka⁠/)
• ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡᛦ (stᴀinᴀʀ /⁠stainaʀ⁠/)

---

Transitional inscriptions

Istaby stone

1. • c. 550 CE – 650 CE, Istaby stone :

     ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ ¶ ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ

     ᴀfatʀhᴀriwulafa ¶ hᴀþuwulafʀhᴀeruwulafiʀ ¶ warᴀitrunᴀʀþᴀiᴀʀ

     /afᵃtr Hariwulᵃfa, Haþuwulᵃfʀ Hearuwulᵃfīʀ, wᵃrait rūnaʀ þaiaʀ./

     In memory of Hariwulfʀ, Haþuwulfʀ, the descendant of Hearuwulfʀ, wrote these runes.

Words

• ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /⁠afᵃtr⁠/, “after, in memory of”)
• ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ (hᴀriwulafa /⁠Hariwulᵃfa⁠/)
• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ (hᴀþuwulafʀ /⁠Haþuwulᵃfʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hᴀeruwulafiʀ /⁠Hearuwulᵃfīʀ⁠/) ( < *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚠᛁᛃᚨᛉ)
• ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ (warᴀit /⁠wᵃrait⁠/, “wrote”)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (runᴀʀ /⁠rūnaʀ⁠/, “runes”)
• ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ /⁠þaiaʀ⁠/, “theses”)

Dating

This stone shows an orthography different from that of the other three. It is the only known stone by Haþuwulfʀ, although he is mentioned on the Stentoften and Gummarp stones as well.

---

Gummarp stone

1. • c. 550 CE – 650 CE, Gummarp stone :

     ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ ¶ ᛋᛡᛏᛖ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡᚦᚱᛁᚨ ¶ ᚠᚠᚠ

     hᴀþuwolᴀfᴀ ¶ sᴀte ¶ stᴀbᴀþria ¶ fff

     /Haþuwolᵃfa sattē staβa þrīą: f[ē] f[ē] f[ē]./

     [in memory of] Haþuwolfʀ, [N. N.] placed three staves: fff [wealth, wealth, wealth]

Words

• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ (hᴀþuwolᴀfᴀ /⁠Haþuwolᵃfa⁠/)
• ᛋᛡᛏᛖ (sᴀte /⁠sattē⁠/)
• ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ /⁠staβa⁠/)
• ᚦᚱᛁᚨ (þria /⁠þrīą⁠/)
• ᚠ (f /⁠f[ehu]⁠/)

Dating

Executed by the same carver as the Stentoften stone. Since the orthography is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

---

Stentoften stone

1. • c. 550 CE – 650 CE, Stentoften stone :

     ᚾᛁᚢᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚾᛁᚢᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ ¶ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᚷᛡᚠᛃ ¶ ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦᛖᛡᚷᛁᚢᛋᚾᚢᚺᚹᛖ ¶ ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦᚱᚢᚾᛟᚾᛟᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺᛖᚴᛡᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ ¶ ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞᛋᛡᚦᛡᛏ ¶ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ

     niuhᴀborumʀ ¶ niuhagestumʀ ¶ hᴀþuwolᴀfʀgᴀfj ¶ hᴀriwolᴀfʀeᴀgiusnuhwe ¶ hideʀrunonofelᴀhekᴀhederᴀginoronoʀ ¶ herᴀmᴀlᴀsᴀʀᴀrᴀgeuwelᴀdudsᴀþᴀt ¶ bᴀriutiþ

     /nīu haβᵒrumʀ, nīu hangistumʀ, Haþuwolᵃfʀ gaf [ār]. Hariwolᵃfʀ [eAgiusnuhwe]. hiðeʀ rūnō [ru]nō felᵃh-ekᵃ heðᵉra, ginnurūnōʀ. herᵃmalausᵃʀ arᵃgjū, wēladauðē, sa þat bᵃriutiþ./

     By [the sacrifice of] nine bucks, by [the sacrifice of] nine steeds, Haþuwolfʀ gave a good harvest. Hariwolfʀ [undeciphered]. A bright row of runes I conceal here, mighty runes. Defenceless by [reason of] perversity, [condemned] to insidious death, is he [who] breaks this.

Dating

Seemingly executed by the same carver as the Gummarp stone. Since it is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Words

• ᚾᛁᚢ (niu /⁠nīu⁠/, “nine”)
• ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /⁠haβᵒrumʀ⁠/, “with bucks”)
• ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /⁠hangistumʀ⁠/, “with steeds”)
• ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀþuwolᴀfʀ /⁠Haþuwolᵃfʀ⁠/)
• ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf /⁠gaf⁠/, “gave”)
• ᛃ (j /⁠[āra]⁠/, “good harvest”)

  Note: ideographic rune, standing for its name, at this time "ār".

• ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀriwolᴀfʀ /⁠Hariwolᵃfʀ⁠/)
• ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦ (hideʀ /⁠haiðiʀ⁠/, “bright”)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo /⁠rūnō⁠/, “of runes”)
• ᚱᛟᚾᛟ (rono /⁠runō⁠/, “row”)
• ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ (felᴀh /⁠felᵃh⁠/, “conceal, hide”)
• ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ /⁠eka⁠/, “I”)
• ᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡ (hederᴀ /⁠heðᵉra⁠/, “here”)
• ᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ (ginoronoʀ /⁠ginna-rūnōʀ⁠/, “mighty runes”)
• ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ (herᴀmᴀlᴀsᴀʀ /⁠herᵃmalausaʀ⁠/, “defence-less”)
• ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ (ᴀrᴀgeu /⁠arᵃgjū⁠/, “with effeminacy”)
• ᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞ (welᴀdud /⁠wēladauðē⁠/, “insidious, treacherous death”)
• ᛋᛡ (sᴀ /⁠sa⁠/, “he [who]”)
• ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt /⁠þat⁠/, “this”)
• ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /⁠bᵃriutiþ⁠/, “breaks, destroys”)

---

Björketorp stone

1. • c. 600 CE – 650 CE, Björketorp stone :

     ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡᛋᛒᛡ ¶ ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛉᚱᚢᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᚢ ¶ ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺᛡᚴᚺᛡᛁᛞᛖᚱᛡᚷ ¶ ᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ ¶ ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ ¶ ᚢᛏᛁᛡᛉᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᛡᚢᛞᛖ ¶ ᛋᛡᛉᚦᛡᛏᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ

     uþᴀrᴀbᴀsbᴀ ¶ hᴀidʀrunoronu ¶ fᴀlᴀhᴀkhᴀiderᴀg ¶ inᴀrunᴀʀᴀrᴀgeu ¶ hᴀerᴀmᴀlᴀusʀ ¶ utiᴀʀwelᴀdᴀude ¶ sᴀʀþᴀtbᴀrutʀ

     /ūþarᵃbā spǭ. haidʀ rūnō runū(?) falᵃhᵃ’k heðᵉra, ginna-rūnaʀ. arᵃgjū hearᵃmalausʀ ūtī æʀ wēladauðē sāʀ þat bᵃrȳtʀ/

     Prophecy of misfortune. A bright rune-row I concealed here, mighty runes. Defenceless by perversity, dead outside by treachery (literally “outside in treacherous death”), is he who destroys this [monument].

Dating

Younger than Stentoften.

Words

• ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛉ (hᴀidʀ /⁠haidʀ⁠/, “bright”)
• ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo /⁠rūnō⁠/, “of runes”)
• ᚱᛟᚾᚢ (ronu /⁠runū(?)⁠/, “row”)
• ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺᛡᚴ (fᴀlᴀhᴀk /⁠falᵃhᵃ’k⁠/, “I concealed”)
• ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛖᚱᛡ (hᴀiderᴀ /⁠heðᵉra⁠/, “here”)
• ᚷᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (ginᴀrunᴀʀ /⁠ginna-rūnar⁠/, “mighty runes”)
• ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ (ᴀrᴀgeu /⁠arᵃgjū⁠/, “by perversity”)
• ᚺᛡᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᚢᛋᛉ (hᴀerᴀmᴀlᴀusʀ /⁠hearᵃmalausʀ⁠/, “defenceless”)
• ᚢᛏᛁ (uti /⁠ūtī⁠/, “outside”)
• ᛡᛉ (ᴀʀ /⁠æʀ⁠/, “is”)
• ᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᛡᚢᛞᛖ (welᴀdᴀude /⁠wēladauðē⁠/, “in treacherous death”)
• ᛋᛡᛉ (sᴀʀ /⁠sāʀ⁠/, “he”)
• ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt /⁠þat⁠/, “this”)
• ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /⁠bᵃrȳtʀ⁠/, “breaks, destroys”)

---

Later West Germanic

Frei-Laubersheim bow brooch

1. • c. 520–560, inscription on the Frei-Laubersheim bow brooch

     ᛒᛟᛊᛟ ᛬ ᚹᚱᚨᛖᛏᚱᚢᚾᚨ ᛬ ¶ (2?) ᛬ ᛞᚨ(1?)ᛇᚾᚨ ᛬ ᚷ(2-5?)

     boso : wraetruna : ¶ (2?) : da(1?)ïna : g(2-5?)

     /Bōsō wraet rūnā/

     Bōsō wrote the runes

Words

• ᛒᛟᛊᛟ (boso /⁠Bōsō⁠/)
• ᚹᚱᚨᛖᛏ (wraet /⁠wraet⁠/)
• ᚱᚢᚾᚨ (runa /⁠rūnā⁠/)

Dating

Archeological. Shape of runes uncertain due to lack of photos.

---

Nordendorf fibula

1. • c. 560–585, inscription on the Nordendorf fibula

     ᛚᛟᚷᚨᚦᛟᚱᛖ ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ

     logaþore wodan wigiþonar

     /Logaþore, Wōdan, Wigiþonar/

     Lother, Weden, Wigh-Thunder

Words

• ᛚᛟᚷᚨᚦᛟᚱᛖ (logaþore /⁠Logaþore⁠/)
• ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (wodan /⁠Wōdan⁠/)
• ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ (wigiþonar /⁠Wigiþonar⁠/)

Dating

Archeological.

---

References

</references>