User:JohnC5/Sandbox

Development of Proto-Italic vowels in Latin
	Proto-Indo-European	Proto-Italic	Latin
			Initial							Medial						Final
			+r < PI *z	+w	+ɫ^[1]	+ɫC^[2]	+N		+other	+r	+ɫ^[1]	+C		+cluster		+C			+cluster	Word final
			+r < PI *z	+w	+ɫ^[1]	+ɫC^[2]	ŋ^[3]	other	+other	+r	+ɫ^[1]	w	other	ŋ^[3]	other	s	N	other	+cluster	Word final
short	(a), h₂e	*a	a							e	u		i		e	i	e	i	e	e
	e, h₁e	*e	e	o			i	e, i	e						e
	*i	*i	e	i											i
	*o, h₃e	*o	o	o, a	o,u	u			o						u	u
	*u	*u	o	u											e	u

long	(ā), eh₂	*ā	ā														a			a, ā
	ē, eh₁	*ē	ē														e			ē?
	ī, iH	*ī	ī														i			ī?
	ō, eh₃, *oH	*ō	ō														o			ō
	ū, uH	*ū	ū														u			ū?

diphthongs	(ay), h₂ey (āy), eh₂y	ai āi	ae							ī										ī
	(ay), h₂ey (āy), eh₂y	ai āi	ae							ī										ae
	(aw), h₂ew (āw), eh₂u	au (āu?)	au							ū
	(h₁)ey ēy, eh₁i	ei (ēi?)	ī
	oy, h₃ey ōy, eh₃i	oi ōi	ū, oe, ī^[4]							ū						ī				ī
	oy, h₃ey ōy, eh₃i	oi ōi	ū, oe, ī^[4]							ū						ī				ō
	(h₁)ew, h₃ew, ow ēw, eh₁_/₃u, oHu, *ōw	ou (ōu?)	ū

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 The “l pinguis” is a velarized ⟨l⟩, [ɫ], which comes from any ⟨l⟩ not followed by ⟨ī̆⟩ or another ⟨l⟩. An ⟨l⟩ followed by any of these sounds is an “l exilis”, [l].
^ ⟨l⟩ + C (except another l)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 /ŋ/ appears in -ng- (/ŋɡ/), -ngu- (/ŋɡʷ/), -nc- (/ŋk/), -nqu- (/ŋkʷ/), and -gn- (/ŋn/).
^ After w- or between l- and a labial

Examples

Note that "X" means any consonant, while "N" means any nasal consonant.

*a

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *hazēnā > harēna
- +w: *kawēō > caveō
- +ɫ: *talantom > talentum
- +l+consonant: *kalwōr > calvor
- +ŋ: *magnos > magnus
- +N: *kampos > campus
- +X: *abarcēō > aberceō
Medial
- +r: *abarcēō > aberceō
- +ɫ: *ensaltō > īnsultō
- +w: *ekslawō > ēluō
- +X: *duiskaputei (*duis + *caput + *-ei) > bicipitī
- +ŋ: *adtangō > attingō
- +cluster: *inarmis > inermis
Final
- +s: *rededas > reddis
- +N: *kornukan > cornicen
- +X: *rededat > reddit
- +cluster: *duiscaps > biceps
- +nothing: ?*perda > perde

*e

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *gezō > gerō
- +w: *ne + *welō > *nowlō > nōlō
- +ɫ: *welō, *welti > volō, volt but *welīt > velit
- +l+consonant: *welti > volt
- +ŋ: *tengō > tingō, *denɣwā > OL dingua > lingua, *degnos > dignus
- +N: *tenēō > teneō, *en > in
- +X: *tepēō > tepeō, *tektos > tectus
- (When preceded by *sw- or *dw-): *swezōr > soror, *dwenos > OL duenos > bonus
Medial
- +r: *referō > referō
- +ɫ: *obkelō > occulō
- +w: *dokewai > *dokuwai > docuī
- +X: *kompremō > comprimō, *adsedēō > assideō
- +ŋ: *adtengō > attingō
- +cluster: *adkendō > accendō
Final
- +s: *leges > legis
- +N: *dekem > decem
- +X: *leget > legit
- +cluster: *mīlets > mīles, *-pleks > -plex
- +nothing: *-kʷe > -que

*i

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *sizō > serō
- +w: *triwijos > trivius
- +ɫ: *silēō > sileō
- +l+consonant: ?*gilwos > gilvus
- +ŋ: *linkʷō > linquō, *gignō > gignō
- +N: *kinis > cinis
- +X: *pibō > bibō
Medial
- +r: *falizioi > Faleriī, *kinis > cinis but *kinizis > cineris
- +ɫ: ? *nepōtilos > nepōtulus
- +w: *trisdiwom > trīduum
- +X: *komitāō > comitō
- +ŋ: *relinkʷō > relinquō
- +cluster: *relikʷtos > relictus
Final
- +s: *kʷis > quis
- +N: *kʷim > quem
- +X: *kʷid > quid
- +cluster: *awins > avēs
- +nothing: *mori > mare, *anti > ante

*o

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w: *lowaō > lavō, *rowō > ruō
- +ɫ: *tolnō > tollō, *folgos > fulgur
- +l+consonant: *polwos > pullus
- +ŋ: *ɣomke > hunc
- +N: *omezos > umerus
- +X: *hostis > hostis
Medial
- +r: *flagmaforos > flammifer
- +ɫ: *aimolos > aemulus, *tetolai > tetulī
- +w: *eksflowō > effluō
- +X: *nowotāts > novitās
- +ŋ:
- +cluster: *legontor > leguntur
Final
- +s: *aimolos > aemulus
- +N: *werβom > verbum
- +X: *legontor > leguntur
- +cluster: *legont > legunt
- +nothing: *legezo > legere (2nd.sg.pres.pass.imp.)

*u

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *fuzēm > forem
- +w: *puweros > puer
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ: *runkāō > runcō
- +N: *rumpō > rumpō
- +X: *ruβros > ruber
Medial
- +r: *swekuros > socer
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *duiskaputei > bicipitī, *ensupjō > īnsipiō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster: *subruptos > surreptus
Final
- +s: *manus > manus
- +N: *manum > manum
- +X:
- +cluster: *manuns > manūs
- +nothing:

*ā

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *pāzēō > pāreō
- +w: ? > gnāvus
- +ɫ: *sāls > sāl
- +l+consonant: *sāls > sāl
- +ŋ: *plāngō > plangō
- +N: *sānos > sānus
- +X: *rāpom > rāpum
Medial
- +r: *-ārjos > -ārius
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *palātom > palātum
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*ē

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *fēzjos > fēriae
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ: *sēgnis > sēgnis
- +N: *rēnēs > rēnēs
- +X: *sētos > sētius, *rēks > rēx
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *adrēpō > adrēpō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*ī

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w: *rīwos > rīvus
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w: *salīwā > salīva
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*ō

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X: *skōpā > scōpae
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing: *abarcēō > aberceō

*ū

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X: *manūd > manū
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*ai

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w: *laiwos > laevus, *skaiwos > scaevus
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N: *aimolos > aemulus
- +X: *saitā > saeta
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*āi

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

au/āu

Initial
- +r < PI *z: *auzom > aurum
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X: *plautos > plautus
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *enklaudō > inclūdō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

ei/ēi

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w: *reiwos > reus, *preiwos > prīvus
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X: *skreiβō > scrībō, *reipā > rīpa
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing: *duiskaputei > bicipitī, *sei > sī

*oi

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N: *spoimā > spūma
- +X: *skoitom > scūtum
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

*ōi

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X:
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X: *porloikeō > pollūceō
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

ou/ōu

Initial
- +r < PI *z:
- +w:
- +ɫ:
- +l+consonant:
- +ŋ:
- +N:
- +X: *rougā > rūga
Medial
- +r:
- +ɫ:
- +w:
- +X:
- +ŋ:
- +cluster:
Final
- +s:
- +N:
- +X:
- +cluster:
- +nothing:

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) “Italic”, in Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, § 13.32ff, page 254

[ɫ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 The “l pinguis” is a velarized ⟨l⟩, [ɫ], which comes from any ⟨l⟩ not followed by ⟨ī̆⟩ or another ⟨l⟩. An ⟨l⟩ followed by any of these sounds is an “l exilis”, [l].

[2] ⟨l⟩ + C (except another l)

[ng-3] 3.0 ^3.1 /ŋ/ appears in -ng- (/ŋɡ/), -ngu- (/ŋɡʷ/), -nc- (/ŋk/), -nqu- (/ŋkʷ/), and -gn- (/ŋn/).

[4] After w- or between l- and a labial

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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Notes

Contents

Examples

*a

*e

*i

*o

*u

*ā

*ē

*ī

*ō

*ū

*ai

*āi

au/āu

ei/ēi

*oi

*ōi

ou/ōu

References

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Notes

Examples

*a

*e

*i

*o

*u

*ā

*ē

*ī

*ō

*ū

*ai

*āi

*au/*āu

*ei/*ēi

*oi

*ōi

*ou/*ōu

References

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au/āu

ei/ēi

ou/ōu