Appendix:Naro Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Naro, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

Forms are shown in the standard Naro orthography as well as in IPA. Where possible, tone is marked in the pronunciation column. If tone is left unmarked, then it is unknown or ambiguous.

List

No.	English	Naro	IPA pronunciation
1	I	ra	rā
2	you (singular)	tsi, si	tsī, sī
3	he	m	m̩̄
4	we	kham, tsam, sam, ta, xae, se	kʰām̄, tsām̄, sām̄, tā, ǁāē, sē
5	you (plural)	tu, xao, sao	tū, ǁāō, sāō
6	they	khara, tsara, sara, ne, xu, zi	kʰārā, tsārā, sārā, nē, ǁū, zī
7	this	ncẽè	ᵑǀẽ̂ː
8	that	gore, ẽesíhãa, ãá, sãá, ẽe	xòrè, ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː, ã́ː, sã́ː, ẽ̄ː
9	here	ncẽè koe, qʼoase	ᵑǀẽ̂ː kòè, ǃˀōāsē
10	there	ẽesíhãa koe, ẽesíhãa za	ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː koe, ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː za
11	who	dìí, dìína	dǐː, dǐːnā
12	what	dùú, nta	dǔː, n̩̄tā
13	where	nda	n̩̄dà
14	when	ẽe, khama, nè, no, mcámá, n-cámá	ẽː, kʰāmā, nè, nò, m̩̀ǀámá, ǹ̩ǀámá
15	how	nta, nta ma, tsoagase	n̩̄tā, n̩̄tā mā, tsoaxase
16	not	ta, táá, tama	tà, táː, tāmā
17	all	wèé	wěː
18	many	káí	káí
19	some	cʼẽe	ǀˀẽ̄ː
20	few	cgʼorò	ǀxʼōrò
21	other	tãá, cʼẽe	tã́ː, ǀˀẽ̂
22	one	cúí	ǀúí
23	two	cám̀	ǀám̀
24	three	nqoana	ᵑǃōānà
25	four	hàka	hàkā
26	five	koro	kōrō
27	big	dxòò, kaia, kaisá, ntca̱bè, subu-kgʼàm̀ tama, tco̱o-tco̱o	ᵍǁòː, kāī.ā, kāīsá, ᵑǂāˤbè, sūbū-kxʼàm̀ tāmā, ǂo᷅ˤː-ǂo᷅ˤː
28	long	kuri-kuri, qáò, tcheèn tcao	kuri-kuri, ǃáò, ǂʰe᷆ːn ǂāō
29	wide	tchàà, zàbà-zaba	ǂʰàː, zàbà-zàbà
30	thick	dtcìì, tsáú, zéné	ᵍǂìː, tsáú, zéné
31	heavy	qóḿ	ǃóḿ
32	small	ncõo-ncone, tcʼoma	ᵑǀõː-ᵑǀone, ǂˀoma
33	short	xòm̀	ǁòm̀
34	narrow	cgʼáré	ǀxʼáré
35	thin	ncõ̱e, xaa	ᵑǀõ̀ˤē, ǁāː
36	woman	khóè	kʰóè
37	man (male)	kgʼáò, khóè, kgʼáò-khoe	kxʼáò, kʰóè, kxʼáò-kʰōè
38	man (human)	khóè	kʰóè
39	child	cóá, xuù	ǀóá, ǁūù
40	wife	dxàe, dxàe-khoe	ᵍǁàē, ᵍǁàē-kʰòè
41	husband	dxàe	ᵍǁàē
42	mother	tata, xõò	tata, ǁõ᷆ː
43	father	bàa, bàaba, papa, tata, xõò	ba᷅ː, ba᷅ːbā, pápà, tata, ǁõ᷆ː
44	animal	kgʼoo-coa	kxʼǒː-ǀōà
45	fish	xʼaù	ǁˀāù
46	bird	tsa̱rá	tsàˤrá
47	dog	ha̱ghù	hǎˤɡù
48	louse	ntcã̱à	ᵑǂã̀ˤː
49	snake	cgʼao, nqa̱m tsí tsoro	ǀxʼāō, ᵑǃāˤm̄ tsí tsōrō
50	worm	nqo̱o, nxa̱i	ᵑǃo᷅ˤː, ᵑǁàˤī
51	tree	hìi	hi᷅ː
52	forest	hìi-kgʼai, tcʼoo, xgáú	hi᷅ː-kxʼāī, ǂˀōː, ǁxáú
53	stick	dqàbí, hìi, tcʼàmà, tsa̱ḿ, xʼábí	ᵍǃàbí, hi᷅ː, ǂˀàmà, tsàˤḿ, ǁˀábí
54	fruit	tcʼáró	ǂˀáró
55	seed	cgùri, tcʼubi	ǀxùrī, ǂˀūbī
56	leaf	to̱àrà, xoaba	tòˤàrà, ǁōābā
57	root	to̱be	tòˤbē
58	bark (of a tree)	xgʼõó	ǁxʼṍː
59	flower	blom	blōm̄
60	grass	dcãa	ᵍǀã᷅ː
61	rope	cʼérè, dqùi, táù	ǀˀérè, ᶢǃùī, táù
62	skin	khòo, ko̱á-ko̱a, nxùbù, suì, tcʼáá	kʰòō, kòˤá-kòˤà, ᵑǁùbù, sūì, ǂˀáː
63	meat	kgʼòó, cgàa	kxʼǒː, ǀxa᷅ː
64	blood	cʼáò	ǀˀáò
65	bone	cʼõá	ǀˀṍá
66	fat (noun)	nxúì	ᵑǁúì
67	egg	tcʼubi	ǂˀūbī
68	horn	nxãà	ᵑǁã̂ː
69	tail	tsáó	tsáó
70	feather	cʼõò	ǀˀõ᷆ː
71	hair	cʼõò	ǀˀõ᷆ː
72	head	tcúú	ǂúː
73	ear	tcee	ǂēː
74	eye	tcgáí	ǂxáí
75	nose	tcuì	ǂūì
76	mouth	kgʼáḿ	kxʼáḿ
77	tooth	xõ̱ó	ǁõ̌ˤː
78	tongue	ta̱m	tàˤm̄
79	fingernail	xo̱rò	ǁóˤrò
80	foot	nqàrè	ᵑǃàrè
81	leg	cʼõá	ǀˀṍá
82	knee	qúrù	ǃúrù
83	hand	tshàu	tsʰàū
84	wing	tcgàmà	ǂxàmà
85	belly	ncãà tcúú	ᵑǀã̀ː ǂúː
86	guts	cõ̱é	ǀõ̀ˤé
87	neck	qgʼáó	ǃxʼáó
88	back	qãá	ǃã́ː
89	breast	cãà, bíì, tcgãè	ǀã᷆ː, bîː, ǂxã̄è
90	heart	tcáó	ǂáó
91	liver	kgʼãé	kxʼã́é
92	to drink	xhãò-xhão, kgʼáà	ǁʰã́ò-ǁʰã̀ò, kxʼâː
93	to eat	ko̱m, tcʼõó	kòˤm̄, ǂˀṍː
94	to bite	ka̱á	kǎˤː
95	to suck	nco̱ḿ-nco̱m̀, tcõ̱ò, com	ᵑǀòˤḿ-ᵑǀōˤm̀, ǂõ̂ˤː, ǀōm̄
96	to spit	kgàra, qgara	kxàrā, ǃxārā
97	to vomit	cgõè, qgàa	ǀxṍè, ǃxa᷅ː
98	to blow	dqòm̀, tcʼãá	ᶢǃòm̀, ǂˀã́ː
99	to breathe	sónò	sónò
100	to laugh	kgʼãè	kxʼã̄è
101	to see	bóò, móò, hḿm̀, máà	bôː, môː, hm̩̂ː, mâː
102	to hear	kóḿ	kóḿ
103	to know	qʼãa	ǃˀã̄ː
104	to think	tcʼẽe, tcʼẽe-tcʼẽese	ǂˀẽ̄ː, ǂˀẽ́ː-ǂˀẽ̀ːsè
105	to smell	hm̀m̀	hm̩̀ː
106	to fear	qʼae	ǃˀāē
107	to sleep	xʼóm̀	ǁˀóm̀
108	to live	kgʼõè	kxʼȭè
109	to die	chàà, xʼóó	ǀʰàː, ǁˀóː
110	to kill	cgʼõo	ǀxʼȭː
111	to fight	mẽéku, ncõo, nqa̱à, peè, xʼãà	mẽ́ːkù, ᵑǀõ᷅ː, ᵑǃâˤː, pe᷆ː, ǁˀã̂ː
112	to hunt	qa̱e, ghòne	ǃàˤē, ɡònē
113	to hit	ntcòà, tcàm, tcãò, xgʼáḿ	ᵑǂòà, ǂàm̄, ǂã̀ò, ǁxʼáḿ
114	to cut	gáò, qhòm, xgʼao	xáò, ǃʰòm̄, ǁxʼāō
115	to split	ghòà, xgʼãè	ɡòà, ǁxʼã̄è
116	to stab	qhàe, xhãe	ǃʰàē, ǁʰã̀ē
117	to scratch	góé, ncàrí, ncìrí, tòà	xóé, ᵑǀàrí, ᵑǀìrí, tòà
118	to dig	nxo̱be	ᵑǁòˤbē
119	to swim	ghãa-tòè	ɡã᷅ː-tòè
120	to fly	tsã̱è	tsã̀ˤè
121	to walk	qõò	ǃõ̂ː
122	to come	hàà	hàː
123	to lie (as in a bed)	xóé	ǁóé
124	to sit	ntcõe, ntcõoa, tcgõ̱e-tcgõ̱e	ᵑǂȭē, ᵑǂȭːà, ǂxõ̀ˤē-ǂxõ̀ˤē
125	to stand	téé	téː
126	to turn (intransitive)	ka̱bi, xgʼone, nxãa	kàˤbī, ǁxʼōnē, ᵑǁã᷅ː
127	to fall	tcgàba, cgʼáé	ǂxàbā, ǀxʼáé
128	to give	kama, máà	kāmā, mâː
129	to hold	qgóó, xʼam	ǃxóː, ǁˀām̄
130	to squeeze	nxo̱m, tsʼáḿ, xʼam	ᵑǁòˤm̄, tsʼáḿ, ǁˀām̄
131	to rub	tchùu, tsòro, xgòm	ǂʰu᷅ː, tsòrō, ǁxòm̄
132	to wash	xgʼaà	ǁxʼa᷆ː
133	to wipe	kòò, tchùu	kòː, ǂʰu᷅ː
134	to pull	dcòè, tcéè	ᶢǀòè, ǂêː
135	to push	ghànè, xàbù	ɡànè, ǁàbù
136	to throw	nceme, xao	ᵑǀēmē, ǁāō
137	to tie	qáé	ǃáé
138	to sew	qgãe	ǃxã̀ē
139	to count	nxárá	ᵑǁárá
140	to say	máá, méé, nxàe	máː, méː, ᵑǁàē
141	to sing	nxáè	ᵑǁáè
142	to play	kõ̱è	kõ̀ˤè
143	to float
144	to flow	tso̱rè	tsòˤrè
145	to freeze	nqaro	ᵑǃārō
146	to swell	gãe, xábú, dìbì	xã̀ē, ǁábú, dìbì
147	sun	cáḿ	ǀáḿ
148	moon	nxoe	ᵑǁōē
149	star	tcóm̀, tco̱nò	ǂóm̀, ǂóˤnò
150	water	tshàa	tsʰa᷅ː
151	rain	túú	túː
152	river	nòka	nòkā
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt	ta̱be	tàˤbē
156	stone	nxõ̱á	ᵑǁõ̀ˤá
157	sand	góḿ	xóḿ
158	dust	tsharà	tsʰārà
159	earth	góḿ	xóḿ
160	cloud	nxoma, túú-cʼõo	ᵑǁoma, túː-ǀˀõ̀ː
161	fog	qhàne	ǃʰànē
162	sky	nqarìkgʼáí	ᵑǃārìkxʼáí
163	wind	tcʼãá	ǂˀã́ː
164	snow
165	ice	nxõ̱a-nxõ̱a	ᵑǁõ̀ˤā-ᵑǁõ̀ˤā
166	smoke	tsʼénè	tsʼénè
167	fire	cʼee	ǀˀēː
168	ash	tháú	tʰáú
169	to burn	ka̱ru, dào	kàˤrū, dàō
170	road	dàò, co̱aná	dàò, ǀòˤàná
171	mountain	xàbì	ǁàbì
172	red	nco̱à	ᵑǀòˤà
173	green	tsã̱á	tsã̌ˤː
174	yellow	dàḿ tcʼubi	dàḿ ǂˀūbī
175	white	qʼúú	ǃˀúː
176	black	ntcùú	ᵑǂǔː
177	night	ntcùú	ᵑǂǔː
178	day	cáḿ, dàò	ǀáḿ, dàò
179	year	kuri	kūrī
180	warm	qóḿ qʼoo, xʼoò, xʼoòsa	ǃóḿ ǃˀōː, ǁˀo᷆ː, ǁˀo᷆ːsā
181	cold	qgài, qgàisa	ǃxàī, ǃxàīsā
182	full	cgʼoè, tso̱e	ǀxʼōè, tsòˤē
183	new	ka̱ba	kàˤbā
184	old	cʼee-cʼerese, kaia, ncìí, ncìí-qʼoo, xgám̀	ǀˀeː-ǀˀerese, kāīā, ᵑǀǐː, ᵑǀǐː-ǃˀōː, ǁxám̀
185	good	ncãa, qãè, tcʼuru	ᵑǀãː, ǃã́è, ǂˀuru
186	bad	qa̱à-qa̱à, tshúù, tshúù-xám̀	ǃa᷆ˤː-ǃa᷆ˤː, tsʰûː, tsʰûː-ǁám̀
187	rotten	qgàm̀-qgàm̀, tsʼóó	ǃxàm̀-ǃxàm̀, tsʼóː
188	dirty	cgòrega, cgʼurigá	ǀxòrēxa, ǀxʼūrīxá
189	straight	kgʼáò, tchàno	kxʼáò, ǂʰànō
190	round	ghàrù-ghàrù, nxa̱ma-nxa̱mà, tcʼom̀-tcʼom̀	ɡàrù-ɡàrù, ᵑǁàˤmā-ᵑǁàˤmà, ǂˀōm̀-ǂˀōm̀
191	sharp (as a knife)	tsʼéè	tsʼêː
192	dull (as a knife)	dcùrì-dcùrì, thìri, thurì-thurì	ᶢǀùrì-ᶢǀùrì, tʰìrī, tʰūrì-tʰūrì
193	smooth	tcgài-tcgari, tcgárí-tcgarisa, tcgʼaì-tcgʼàrì, to̱o-to̱risa, to̱rì-to̱rì	ǂxàī-ǂxārī, ǂxárí-ǂxarisa, ǂxʼāì-ǂxʼàrì, toˤː-toˤrisa, tōˤrì-tōˤrì
194	wet	cgʼãa, tcguù	ǀxʼã̄ː, ǂxu᷆ː
195	dry	cʼóò	ǀˀôː
196	correct	kgʼano	kxʼano
197	near	koe, qàe, qao, tcgáí-kgʼam	koe, ǃàē, ǃāō, ǂxáí-kxʼam
198	far	nqúù, qʼánè	ᵑǃûː, ǃˀánè
199	right	kgʼáò?	kxʼáò
200	left	dxàe, xʼáré	ᶢǁàē, ǁˀáré
201	at	koe, za	koe, za
202	in	koe, za, qʼoo	koe, za, ǃˀoː
203	with	ka	ka
204	and	hẽé, nà, nakà, thẽé, a	hẽ́ː, nà, nākà, tʰẽ́ː, a
205	if	kò ko nè, ncẽe, nè, nò	kò kō nè, ᵑǀẽː, nè, nò
206	because	dòm̀kà, ke, khama	dòm̀kà, ke, kʰāmā
207	name	cgʼõè	ǀxʼȭè

References

• Visser, Hessel (2001) Naro Dictionary, Gantsi, Botswana: Naro Language Project