κακός
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]The origin is unknown, with multiple theories proposed:[1]
- From a Proto-Indo-European *kaḱ-, *knḱ- (“slight”), and related to Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬎 (kasu, “small, slight”).
- From Proto-Indo-European *kenk- (“to burn, hunger, desire”), and related to Lithuanian keñkti (“to do harm, ache”), Proto-Germanic *hungruz (“hunger”).
- From Pre-Greek.
- Possibly connected with Proto-Indo-European *kakka- (“to defecate”); compare κακκάω (kakkáō, “id”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
See also Phrygian κακον (kakon, “harm”), which was borrowed from Greek, and Albanian keq (“bad”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ka.kós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kaˈkos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /kaˈkos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /kaˈkos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /kaˈkos/
Adjective
[edit]κᾰκός • (kakós) m (feminine κᾰκή, neuter κᾰκόν); first/second declension
- As a measure of quality: bad, worthless, useless
- As a measure of appearance: ugly, hideous
- Of circumstances: injurious, wretched, unhappy
- As a measure of character: low, mean, vile, evil
Usage notes
[edit]The difference between the three most common comparatives/superlatives is the following:
- κακίων (kakíōn), κάκιστος (kákistos): morally inferior, more cowardly.
- χείρων (kheírōn), χείριστος (kheíristos): inferior in strength, rank, or quality.
- ἥττων (hḗttōn), ἥκιστος (hḗkistos): inferior, weaker, less.
Declension
[edit]| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | κᾰκός kakós |
κᾰκή kakḗ |
κᾰκόν kakón |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκᾱ́ kakā́ |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκοί kakoí |
κᾰκαί kakaí |
κᾰκᾰ́ kaká | |||||
| Genitive | κᾰκοῦ kakoû |
κᾰκῆς kakês |
κᾰκοῦ kakoû |
κᾰκοῖν kakoîn |
κᾰκαῖν kakaîn |
κᾰκοῖν kakoîn |
κᾰκῶν kakôn |
κᾰκῶν kakôn |
κᾰκῶν kakôn | |||||
| Dative | κᾰκῷ kakôi |
κᾰκῇ kakêi |
κᾰκῷ kakôi |
κᾰκοῖν kakoîn |
κᾰκαῖν kakaîn |
κᾰκοῖν kakoîn |
κᾰκοῖς kakoîs |
κᾰκαῖς kakaîs |
κᾰκοῖς kakoîs | |||||
| Accusative | κᾰκόν kakón |
κᾰκήν kakḗn |
κᾰκόν kakón |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκᾱ́ kakā́ |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκούς kakoús |
κᾰκᾱ́ς kakā́s |
κᾰκᾰ́ kaká | |||||
| Vocative | κᾰκέ kaké |
κᾰκή kakḗ |
κᾰκόν kakón |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκᾱ́ kakā́ |
κᾰκώ kakṓ |
κᾰκοί kakoí |
κᾰκαί kakaí |
κᾰκᾰ́ kaká | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| κᾰκῶς kakôs |
κᾰκώτερος / κᾰκῑότερος / κᾰκῑ́ων / κᾰκῐ́ων (Epic) / χείρων / ἥττων kakṓteros / kakīóteros / kakī́ōn / kakíōn (Epic) / kheírōn / hḗttōn |
κᾰ́κῐστος / χείρῐστος / ἥκῐστος kákistos / kheíristos / hḗkistos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- κᾰ́κη (kákē)
- κᾰκηγορέω (kakēgoréō)
- κᾰκηγορῐ́ᾱ (kakēgoríā)
- κᾰκήγορος (kakḗgoros)
- κᾰκῐ́ᾱ (kakíā)
- κᾰκῐ́ζω (kakízō)
- κάκιστος (kákistos)
- κακο- (kako-)
- κᾰκόβῐος (kakóbios)
- κᾰκοβουλῐ́ᾱ (kakoboulíā)
- κᾰκοδαιμονῐ́ᾱ (kakodaimoníā)
- κᾰκοδαίμων (kakodaímōn)
- κᾰκοδοξῐ́ᾱ (kakodoxíā)
- κᾰκόδοξος (kakódoxos)
- κᾰκόζηλος (kakózēlos)
- κᾰκοήθειᾰ (kakoḗtheia)
- κᾰκοήθης (kakoḗthēs)
- κᾰκόθῡμος (kakóthūmos)
- κᾰκολογέω (kakologéō)
- κᾰκόλογος (kakólogos)
- κᾰκομήχᾰνος (kakomḗkhanos)
- κᾰκόνοιᾰ (kakónoia)
- κᾰκόνους (kakónous)
- κᾰκοπᾰ́θειᾰ (kakopátheia)
- κᾰκοπᾰθέω (kakopathéō)
- κᾰκοπᾰθής (kakopathḗs)
- κᾰκόπᾰθος (kakópathos)
- κᾰκοποιέω (kakopoiéō)
- κᾰκοποιός (kakopoiós)
- κᾰκοπολῑτείᾱ (kakopolīteíā)
- κᾰκοπρᾱγέω (kakoprāgéō)
- κᾰκοπρᾱγῐ́ᾱ (kakoprāgíā)
- κᾰκοπρᾱ́γμων (kakoprā́gmōn)
- κᾰκόσῑτος (kakósītos)
- κᾰ́κοσμος (kákosmos)
- κᾰκοστόμᾰχος (kakostómakhos)
- κᾰ́κοτεχνέω (kákotekhnéō)
- κᾰκοτεχνῐ́ᾱ (kakotekhníā)
- κᾰκότεχνος (kakótekhnos)
- κᾰκότης (kakótēs)
- κᾰκοτροπῐ́ᾱ (kakotropíā)
- κᾰκότροπος (kakótropos)
- κᾰκοτυχέω (kakotukhéō)
- κᾰκοτυχής (kakotukhḗs)
- κᾰκουργέω (kakourgéō)
- κᾰκούργημα (kakoúrgēma)
- κᾰκουργῐ́ᾱ (kakourgíā)
- κᾰκοῦργος (kakoûrgos)
- κᾰκουχέω (kakoukhéō)
- κᾰκοφρᾰδής (kakophradḗs)
- κᾰκόφρων (kakóphrōn)
- κᾰκόφωνος (kakóphōnos)
- κᾰκόω (kakóō)
- κᾰ́κωσῐς (kákōsis)
- κᾰχέκτης (kakhéktēs)
- μνησῐκᾰκέω (mnēsikakéō)
- μνησῐκᾰκῐ́ᾱ (mnēsikakíā)
- μνησῐ́κᾰκος (mnēsíkakos)
- πᾰ́γκᾰκος (pánkakos)
- περῐκᾰκέω (perikakéō)
- περῐκᾰ́κησῐς (perikákēsis)
- συγκᾰκοπαθέω (sunkakopathéō)
- συγκᾰκουργέω (sunkakourgéō)
- τρῐσκᾰκοδαίμων (triskakodaímōn)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κακός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 619-20
Further reading
[edit]- “κακός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κακός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “κακός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- κακός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- κακός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “κακός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2556 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κακός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- abandoned idem, page 1.
- abusive idem, page 5.
- bad idem, page 58.
- baleful idem, page 60.
- base idem, page 64.
- blackguard idem, page 81.
- blackguardly idem, page 81.
- calamitous idem, page 108.
- careless idem, page 114.
- corrupt idem, page 176.
- cowardly idem, page 181.
- criminal idem, page 184.
- debased idem, page 199.
- depraved idem, page 212.
- detrimental idem, page 220.
- disgraceful idem, page 233.
- dishonest idem, page 234.
- dishonourable idem, page 234.
- evil idem, page 286.
- execrable idem, page 290.
- feeble idem, page 313.
- graceless idem, page 368.
- grievous idem, page 373.
- guilty idem, page 379.
- harmful idem, page 386.
- hurtful idem, page 411.
- ignoble idem, page 414.
- ill idem, page 414.
- ill-omened idem, page 416.
- immoral idem, page 418.
- inauspicious idem, page 427.
- incompetent idem, page 429.
- infamous idem, page 437.
- iniquitous idem, page 441.
- injurious idem, page 441.
- lamentable idem, page 474.
- low idem, page 502.
- low-born idem, page 503.
- mean idem, page 519.
- mischievous idem, page 533.
- miserable idem, page 533.
- naughty idem, page 552.
- nefarious idem, page 554.
- niggardly idem, page 558.
- noxious idem, page 562.
- obscene idem, page 566.
- ominous idem, page 572.
- opprobrious idem, page 577.
- parlous idem, page 593.
- pernicious idem, page 607.
- pitiful idem, page 615.
- plebeian idem, page 620.
- poor idem, page 626.
- portentous idem, page 627.
- prejudicial idem, page 635.
- profligate idem, page 653.
- scandalous idem, page 737.
- scurvy idem, page 743.
- shabby idem, page 760.
- shameful idem, page 761.
- sinful idem, page 777.
- sinister idem, page 779.
- slanderous idem, page 782.
- sordid idem, page 794.
- sorry idem, page 795.
- squalid idem, page 807.
- troublesome idem, page 897.
- troublous idem, page 897.
- uncomfortable idem, page 910.
- undutiful idem, page 915.
- unfavourable idem, page 918.
- unfilial idem, page 918.
- unfortunate idem, page 918.
- ungentle idem, page 919.
- unhappy idem, page 920.
- unlawful idem, page 924.
- unlucky idem, page 924.
- unprincipled idem, page 928.
- unpropitious idem, page 928.
- unregenerate idem, page 929.
- unrighteous idem, page 930.
- unsatisfactory idem, page 931.
- unscrupulous idem, page 931.
- unskilful idem, page 932.
- vexatious idem, page 950.
- vicious idem, page 950.
- vile idem, page 952.
- villainous idem, page 952.
- weak idem, page 969.
- wicked idem, page 978.
- worthless idem, page 991.
- wretched idem, page 993.
- wrong idem, page 994.
- “κακός”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek κᾰκός (kakós).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]κακός • (kakós) m (feminine κακή or κακιά, neuter κακό)
- bad, evil, ill, wicked
- κακοί άνθρωποι ― kakoí ánthropoi ― wicked people
- κακό μάτι ― kakó máti ― evil eye
- κακοί τρόποι ― kakoí trópoi ― bad manners
- κακής ποιότητας ― kakís poiótitas ― of poor quality, shoddy
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | κακός (kakós) | κακή (kakí) κακιά (kakiá) |
κακό (kakó) | κακοί (kakoí) | κακές (kakés) | κακά (kaká) | |
| genitive | κακού (kakoú) | κακής (kakís) κακιάς (kakiás) |
κακού (kakoú) | κακών (kakón) | κακών (kakón) | κακών (kakón) | |
| accusative | κακό (kakó) | κακή (kakí) κακιά (kakiá) |
κακό (kakó) | κακούς (kakoús) | κακές (kakés) | κακά (kaká) | |
| vocative | κακέ (kaké) | κακή (kakí) κακιά (kakiá) |
κακό (kakó) | κακοί (kakoí) | κακές (kakés) | κακά (kaká) | |
Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο κακός, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο κακός, etc.)
Derivations: relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο χειρότερος", etc) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | κάκιστος (kákistos) | κάκιστη (kákisti) | κάκιστο (kákisto) | κάκιστοι (kákistoi) | κάκιστες (kákistes) | κάκιστα (kákista) | |
| genitive | κάκιστου (kákistou) | κάκιστης (kákistis) | κάκιστου (kákistou) | κάκιστων (kákiston) | κάκιστων (kákiston) | κάκιστων (kákiston) | |
| accusative | κάκιστο (kákisto) | κάκιστη (kákisti) | κάκιστο (kákisto) | κάκιστους (kákistous) | κάκιστες (kákistes) | κάκιστά (kákistá) | |
| vocative | κάκιστε (kákiste) | κάκιστη (kákisti) | κάκιστο (kákisto) | κάκιστοι (kákistoi) | κάκιστες (kákistes) | κάκιστα (kákista) | |
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | χείριστος (cheíristos) | χείριστη (cheíristi) | χείριστο (cheíristo) | χείριστοι (cheíristoi) | χείριστες (cheíristes) | χείριστα (cheírista) | |
| genitive | χείριστου (cheíristou) | χείριστης (cheíristis) | χείριστου (cheíristou) | χείριστων (cheíriston) | χείριστων (cheíriston) | χείριστων (cheíriston) | |
| accusative | χείριστο (cheíristo) | χείριστη (cheíristi) | χείριστο (cheíristo) | χείριστους (cheíristous) | χείριστες (cheíristes) | χείριστα (cheírista) | |
| vocative | χείριστε (cheíriste) | χείριστη (cheíristi) | χείριστο (cheíristo) | χείριστοι (cheíristoi) | χείριστες (cheíristes) | χείριστα (cheírista) | |
Synonyms
[edit]- φαύλος (fávlos, “villanous, corrupt, vicious”)
Antonyms
[edit]- καλός (kalós, “good”)
Related terms
[edit]- αναγκαίο κακό n (anagkaío kakó, “necessary evil”)
- κακά n (kaká, “poo, poop”)
- κακάδι n (kakádi, “scab”)
- κάκαδο n (kákado, “scab”)
- κακία f (kakía, “spite, malice”)
- κάκια f (kákia, “hostility”)
- κάκιστα (kákista, “worst”, adverb, superlative)
- κάκιστος (kákistos, “worst”)
- κακίστρα f (kakístra, “spiteful, sinister -of a woman-”)
κακίστρω f (kakístro) (familiar) - κακο- (kako-, “bad, difficult”)
- κακό n (kakó, “evil”)
- κακόν n (kakón, “evil”) (formal)
- κακότητα f (kakótita, “badness, evil”)
- κακώς (kakós, “mistakenly”, adverb)
See also
[edit]- διαβολικός (diavolikós, “devilish”)
- σατανικός (satanikós, “devilish”)
- πονηρός (ponirós, “cunning, sly”)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- grc:Ethics
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek adjectives in declension ός-ή-ιά-ό
- Greek adjectives in irregular declensions