ἐρυθρός

See also: ερυθρός

Ancient Greek

FWOTD – 29 June 2020

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *erutʰrós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós (“red”), from the root *h₁rewdʰ-.

Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀬𐀲𐀨 (e-ru-ta-ra). Cognates include Russian рёдрый (rjódryj), Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Latin ruber, Tocharian A rtär, Tocharian B ratre, and Proto-Germanic *raudaz (English red). Note that Greek is the only branch to preserve the sound of the laryngeal *h₁ at the beginning of the word, which became ε (e).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /e.ry.tʰrós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /e.ryˈtʰros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /e.ryˈθros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /e.ryˈθros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /e.riˈθros/

Adjective

ἐρῠθρός • (eruthrós) m (feminine ἐρῠθρᾱ́, neuter ἐρῠθρόν); first/second declension

reddish, red
Synonym: πῠρρός (purrhós)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.365–367:
  ᾰ̓́λλον δ’ ἐνθένδε χρῡσὸν καὶ χᾰλκὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ἠδὲ γῠναῖκᾰς ἐῠ̈ζώνους πολῐόν τε σῐ́δηρον ᾰ̓́ξομαι
  állon d’ enthénde khrūsòn kaì khalkòn eruthròn ēdè gunaîkas eüzṓnous polión te sídēron áxomai
  From there I will bring more gold and red bronze and fair-girdled women and much iron
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.165–166:
  αὐτᾰ̀ρ ἐγὼ σῖτον καὶ ῠ̔́δωρ καὶ οἶνον ἐρῠθρὸν ἐνθήσω μενοεικέ’
  autàr egṑ sîton kaì húdōr kaì oînon eruthròn enthḗsō menoeiké’
  And I'll put satisfying food and water and red wine on [the boat]
- 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 449–450:
  εὑρήσεις δέ με πᾶσῐν ἐπ’ ἔργμᾰσῐν ὥσπερ ᾰ̓́πεφθον χρῡσὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ῐ̓δεῖν τρῑβόμενον βᾰσᾰ́νῳ
  heurḗseis dé me pâsin ep’ érgmasin hṓsper ápephthon khrūsòn eruthròn ideîn trībómenon basánōi
  You will find me in all my actions like refined gold, red to the eye when rubbed against a touchstone

Inflection

First and second declension of ἐρῠθρός; ἐρῠθρᾱ́; ἐρῠθρόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ἐρῠθρός eruthrós	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́	ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθροί eruthroí	ἐρῠθραί eruthraí	ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá
Genitive	ἐρῠθροῦ eruthroû	ἐρῠθρᾶς eruthrâs	ἐρῠθροῦ eruthroû	ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn	ἐρῠθραῖν eruthraîn	ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn	ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn	ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn	ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn
Dative	ἐρῠθρῷ eruthrôi	ἐρῠθρᾷ eruthrâi	ἐρῠθρῷ eruthrôi	ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn	ἐρῠθραῖν eruthraîn	ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn	ἐρῠθροῖς eruthroîs	ἐρῠθραῖς eruthraîs	ἐρῠθροῖς eruthroîs
Accusative	ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ν eruthrā́n	ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθρούς eruthroús	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ς eruthrā́s	ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá
Vocative	ἐρῠθρέ eruthré	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́	ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́	ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ	ἐρῠθροί eruthroí	ἐρῠθραί eruthraí	ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ἐρῠθρῶς eruthrôs			ἐρῠθρότερος eruthróteros			ἐρῠθρότᾰτος eruthrótatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

δῐέρῠθρος (diéruthros)
ἐνέρῠθρος (enéruthros)
ἐξέρῠθρος (exéruthros)
ἐρῠθρᾰ́δῐον (eruthrádion)
ἐρῠθραίνομαι (eruthraínomai)
ἐρῠθραίνω (eruthraínō)
ἐρῠθραῖος (eruthraîos)
ἐρῠθρᾰνός (eruthranós)
ἐρῠ́θρημᾰ (erúthrēma)
ἐρῠθρῐ́ᾱς (eruthríās)
ἐρῠθρῖνος (eruthrînos)
ἐρῠθρῐ́ς (eruthrís)
ἐρῠθροβᾰφής (eruthrobaphḗs)
ἐρῠθρόβωλος (eruthróbōlos)
ἐρῠθρόγρᾰμμος (eruthrógrammos)
ἐρῠθροδᾰ́κτῠλος (eruthrodáktulos)
ἐρῠθρόδᾰνον (eruthródanon)
ἐρῠθροειδής (eruthroeidḗs)
ἐρῠθροκᾰ́ρδῐος (eruthrokárdios)
ἐρῠθροκομῐ́ς (eruthrokomís)
ἐρῠθρόλευκος (eruthróleukos)
ἐρῠθρομέλᾱς (eruthromélās)
ἐρῠθρόνῐον (eruthrónion)
ἐρῠθρόξᾰνθος (eruthróxanthos)
ἐρῠθροποίκῐλος (eruthropoíkilos)
ἐρῠθρόπους (eruthrópous)
ἐρῠθροπρόσωπος (eruthroprósōpos)
ἐρῠθρότης (eruthrótēs)
ἐρῠθρόχλωρος (eruthrókhlōros)
ἐρῠθρόχροος (eruthrókhroos)
ἐρῠθρώδης (eruthrṓdēs)
λευκέρῠθρος (leukéruthros)
ῠ̔περέρῠθρος (huperéruthros)
ῠ̔πέρῠθρος (hupéruthros)

Descendants

→ English: erythro-
Greek: ερυθρός (erythrós)

Colors in Ancient Greek · χρώμᾰτᾰ (khrṓmata) (layout · text)
λευκός (leukós)	γλαυκός (glaukós), κῐλλός (killós), πολῐός (poliós), φαιός (phaiós), χαροπός (kharopós)	ᾰ̓μαυρός (amaurós), κελαινός (kelainós), μαυρός (maurós), μέλᾱς (mélās)
ἐρῠθρός (eruthrós); κᾰρῡ́κῐνος (karū́kinos), κόκκῐνος (kókkinos), φοινός (phoinós)	πυρρός (purrhós); ὄρφνῐνος (órphninos)	μήλινος (mḗlinos), ξᾰνθός (xanthós); ὠχρός (ōkhrós)
πρᾰ́σῐνος (prásinos)	χλωρός (khlōrós)	χλωρός (khlōrós); χλωρομέλᾱς (khlōromélās)
κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos); γλαυκός (glaukós), κᾰλάϊνος (kaláïnos)	κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos)	κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos), ὑᾰκῐ́νθῐνος (huakínthinos)
ἰόεις (ióeis), φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos); ᾰ̔λουργής (halourgḗs), πορφῠ́ρεος (porphúreos), οἶνοψ (oînops)	φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos); ᾰ̔λουργής (halourgḗs), πορφῠ́ρεος (porphúreos)	ῥόδινος (rhódinos), ῥοδόεις (rhodóeis)

References

“ἐρυθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἐρυθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ἐρυθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἐρυθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἐρυθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ἐρυθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2063 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- florid idem, page 329.
- lurid idem, page 505.
- red idem, page 684.
- ruddy idem, page 724.