Appendix:Latgalian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Latgalian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Latgalian
1 I es,
2 you (singular) tu
3 he jis
4 we mes, ḿaś
5 you jius
6 they
7 this šys, itys
8 that tys
9 here ite, te, iťa
10 there
11 who kurs
12 what kas
13 where kur, kimā
14 when kod
15 how kai
16 not
17 all vyss
18 many daudzi, namoz
19 some nazcik, kuri nakuri
20 few nadaudzeji
21 other cyts
22 one vīns
23 two div
24 three treis
25 four četri
26 five pīci
27 big lels
28 long gars, ilgs
29 wide plots
30 thick bīzs
31 heavy gryuts
32 small mozs
33 short eiss
34 narrow šaurs
35 thin plans
36 woman sīvīts
37 man
(adult| male)
veirīts
38 man
(human being)
cilvāks
39 child bārns
40 wife sīva
41 husband veirs
42 mother muote
43 father tāvs
44 animal dzeivinīks, žeivots
45 fish zivs
46 bird putnys
47 dog suņs
48 louse vuts
49 snake čyuska, tuorps
50 worm tuorps, tuorpeņš
51 tree kūks
52 forest mežs
53 stick
(of wood)
vāza
54 fruit -
55 seed sākla
56 leaf lopa
57 root sakne
58 bark
(of tree)
-
59 flower puče
60 grass zuole
61 rope vierve
62 skin
(of a person)
uoda
63 meat
(as in flesh)
gala
64 blood asnis
65 bone kauls
66 fat
(noun)
tauki, tuklums
67 egg ūla
68 horn rogs
69 tail aste
70 feather spolva
71 hair moti
72 head golva
73 ear auss
74 eye ocs
75 nose nuoss
76 mouth mute
77 tooth
(rather not molar)
zūbs
78 tongue mēle
79 fingernail nogs
80 foot pāds
81 leg kuoja
82 knee ceļs
83 hand rūka
84 wing spuorns
85 belly vādars
86 guts vydspuse, vydi
87 neck koklys, reikle
88 back mugora
89 breast kryuts
90 heart sirds
91 liver oknys
92 to drink dzert, teļst
93 to eat ēst
94 to bite kūst
95 to suck suļkt
96 to spit -
97 to vomit vemt
98 to blow
(as wind)
pyust
99 to breathe dvašuot, pyustīs
100 to laugh smītīs, krēkt, kecinēt
101 to see redzēt
102 to hear dzierdēt, izdzierst
103 to know
(a fact)
zynuot
104 to think guoduot, dūmuot
105 to smell ūst, smuorduot
106 to fear beitīs, beisteitīs
107 to sleep gulēt
108 to live dzeivuot
109 to die miert, paguļt
110 to kill nūsist, nuoveit, nūnuoveit
111 to fight ceikstētīs, veiktīs, atsaturēt
112 to hunt medeit
113 to hit sist, laubt
114 to cut grīzt
115 to split padaleit, sadaleit
116 to stab
(or stick)
dūrt, dūrsteit
117 to scratch
(an itch)
-
118 to dig rakt, best
119 to swim maut
120 to fly skraideit, laistīs
121 to walk īt
122 to come atīt, īt
123 to lie
(as in a bed)
guļtīs (action), gulēt "(state)"
124 to sit sēdēt "(state)"
125 to stand stuotīs, stuot (action)
126 to turn
(intransitive)
apsagrīzt
127 to fall krist
128 to give dūt
129 to hold turēt
130 to squeeze mīgt, spīst
131 to rub treit, bruozuot
132 to wash mozguot
133 to wipe slauceit
134 to pull viļkt
135 to push stoßen
136 to throw svīst
137 to tie sīt
138 to sew šyut
139 to count skaiteit
140 to say saceit, runuot
141 to sing dzīduot
142 to play kaitavuot
143 to float mauduot
144 to flow tecēt, skrīt
145 to freeze saļt
146 to swell satyukšt
147 sun saule
148 moon mienesnīks
149 star zvaigzne
150 water iudiņs
151 rain leits
152 river upe
153 lake azars
154 sea jiura
155 salt suoļs
156 stone akmiņs
157 sand smiļkts
158 dust puteklis
159 earth zeme
160 cloud muokuļs
161 fog mygla
162 sky dabasi
163 wind viejs
164 snow snīgs
165 ice lads
166 smoke dyumi
167 fire guņs
168 ash palni
169 to burn degt
170 road ceļš
171 mountain kolns
172 red sorkons, raudons
173 green zaļs
174 yellow dzaltons, voskons (poet.)
175 white bolts, boltons
176 black malns
177 night nakts
178 day
(daytime)
dīna
179 year gods
180 warm sylts
181 cold solts
182 full pylns
183 new jauns
184 old vacs, senejais
185 good lobs
186 bad nalobs
187 rotten -
188 dirty nateirs
189 straight taysnis
190 round opols
191 sharp
(as a knife)
oss
192 dull
(as a knife)
neoss
193 smooth gluds, leidzons
194 wet volgons, slapnis
195 dry sauss
196 correct pareizs, taisneigs
197 near tyvs tiveims
198 far toleims
199 right
(side)
lobais, pa lobai
200 left
(side)
kairais, kairuo puse
201 at pi
202 in vyd
203 with ar
204 and i
205 if ka, kod
206 because kam, partū ka, deļtuo ka
207 name vuords
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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