𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇
Prakrit
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the Sanskrit past participle कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï).[1][2] Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati),[3] Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”).[4] This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.
Bloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology.[5][6] Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.[7][8]
Some scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension.[9] Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.[10]
Compare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”).[11] Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.
Verb
[edit]𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive) (Māhārāṣṭrī) [12][13]
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Central Indo-Aryan:
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Western Indo-Aryan:
- →? Dardic:
- Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)
- Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)
References
[edit]- ^ Bloch, Jules (1915/1920) La formation de la langue marathe (in French), Paris: Édouard Champion; republished as Dev Raj Chanana, transl., The Formation of the Marathi Language[1] (in English), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970, pages 125, 239
- ^ Hoernlé, A. F. Rudolf (1880) “काढ़्”, in “A Collection of Hindi Roots, with Remarks on their Derivation and Classification”, in Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal[2], volume 49, page 64
- ^ Karashima, Seishi, von Hinüber, Oskar (2012) “kaḍḍha-”, in Die Abhisamācārikā Dharmāḥ Verhaltensregeln für buddhistische Mönche der Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravādins [The Abhisamācārikā Dharmāḥ Rules of Conduct for Buddhist Monks of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravādins][3], volume III: Grammatik, Glossar und Nachträge, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, page 183
- ^ Baums, Stefan, Glass, Andrew (2002–) “uvakaḍhadi”, in A Dictionary of Gandhari[4]
- ^ Lüders, Heinrich (1954) Ernst Waldschmidt, editor, Beobachtungen Über Die Sprache Des Buddhistischen Urkanons [Observations on the Language of the Buddhist Canon] (Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst)[5], Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, page 125
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*KAḌḌH”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 133
- ^ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1965) “Review: Turner's Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[6], volume 85, number 3, American Oriental Society, page 374 of 368–383
- ^ Thomas Oberlies (2001) Pāli: A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka (Indian philology and South Asian studies; 3), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 251
- ^ Gray, Louis H[erbert] (1940) “Fifteen Prākrit-Indo-European Etymologies”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[7], volume 16, number 3, page 361 of 361–369
- ^ Bloomfield, Maurice (1921) “On a Possible Pre-Vedic Form in Pāli and Prākrit”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[8], volume 41, pages 465–466
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*gaḍḍhati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 213
- ^ Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) “कड्ढ”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 217.
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*kaḍḍhati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 133
- Prakrit terms derived from Sanskrit
- Prakrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷels-
- Prakrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Prakrit terms derived from the Sanskrit root कृष्
- Prakrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Prakrit terms suffixed with -𑀅𑀇
- Prakrit lemmas
- Prakrit verbs
- Prakrit verbs in Brahmi script
- Prakrit transitive verbs
- Maharastri Prakrit