血氣方剛

Chinese

		courage and uprightness	just	strong
trad. (血氣方剛)		血氣	方	剛
simp. (血气方刚)		血气	方	刚

Etymology

From the Analects, Book 16 (《論語·季氏》):

孔子曰：「君子有三戒：少之時，血氣未定，戒之在色；及其壯也，血氣方剛，戒之在鬭；及其老也，血氣既衰，戒之在得。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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孔子曰：「君子有三戒：少之时，血气未定，戒之在色；及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在斗；及其老也，血气既衰，戒之在得。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Kǒng Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ yǒu sān jiè: shào zhī shí, xuèqì wèi dìng, jiè zhī zài sè; jí qí zhuàng yě, xuèqì fāng gāng, jiè zhī zài dòu; jí qí lǎo yě, xuèqì jì shuāi, jiè zhī zài dé.” [Pinyin]

Confucius said, "There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled, he guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the animal powers are decayed, he guards against covetousness."

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xuèqìfānggāng, xuěqìfānggāng, xiěqìfānggāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hyut³ hei³ fong¹ gong¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuèqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuècìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh⁴-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: sywè-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuehchihfanggang
    • Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuěqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuěcìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh³-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: sywě-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheuechihfanggang
    • Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; colloquial in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiěqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siěcìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsieh³-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: syě-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieechihfanggang
    • Palladius: сецифанган (secifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hyut³ hei³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Yale: hyut hei fōng gōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hyt⁸ hei³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hüd³ héi³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyːt̚³ hei̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: xwet khj+jH pjang kang

Rime
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	溪 (29)	幫 (1)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	屑 (88)	微 (20)	陽 (106)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open	Closed	Open
Division (等)	IV	III	III	I
Fanqie	呼決切	去旣切	府良切	古郎切
Baxter	xwet	khj+jH	pjang	kang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hwet̚/	/kʰɨiH/	/pʉɐŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷet̚/	/kʰɨiH/	/pʷiɐŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɛt̚/	/kʰiəiH/	/piuɑŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwɛt̚/	/kʰɨjH/	/puaŋ/	/kaŋ/
Li Rong	/xuet̚/	/kʰiəiH/	/piuaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Wang Li	/xiwet̚/	/kʰĭəiH/	/pĭwaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/xiwet̚/	/kʰe̯iH/	/piwaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xue	qì	fāng	gāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hyut3	hei3	fong1	gong1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤik  C.qʰəp-s  paŋ  kˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷiːɡ  kʰɯds  paŋ  klaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	3/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xuè	qì	fāng	gāng
Middle Chinese	‹ xwet ›	‹ khjɨjH ›	‹ pjang ›	‹ kang ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁik/	/*C.qʰəp-s/	/*paŋ/	/*kˁaŋ/
English	blood	cloudy vapors	just, then	strong; hard
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	1/2	1/1
No.	14098	10140	3023	3713
Phonetic component	血	气	方	岡
Rime group	質	隊	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	2	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	血		方	岡
Old Chinese	/*qʰʷiːɡ/	/*kʰɯds/	/*paŋ/	/*klaːŋ/
Notes			甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆

Idiom

血氣方剛

1. (usually of youth) hot-blooded; full of vigour; buoyant and impetuous